Financial abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner’s access to economic resources, which diminishes the victim’s capacity to support themselves and forces them to depend on the perpetrator financially.
It is related to, or also known as, financial abuse, which is the illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s property, money, pension book or other valuables (including changing the person’s will to name the abuser as heir), often fraudulently obtaining power of attorney, followed by deprivation of money or other property, or by eviction from own home. Financial abuse applies to both elder abuse and domestic violence.
When most people think of domestic abuse, the first thing that comes to mind is likely verbal abuse and physical assault. But research shows that financial abuse occurs just as frequently in unhealthy relationships as other forms of abuse.
In fact, a study by the Centers for Financial Security found that 99% of domestic violence cases also involved financial abuse. What’s more, financial abuse is often the first sign of dating violence and domestic abuse. Consequently, knowing how to identify financial abuse is critical to your safety and security.
What Is Financial Abuse?
Financial Abuse involves controlling a victim’s ability to acquire, use, and maintain financial resources. Those who are victimized financially may be prevented from working. They also may have their own money restricted or stolen by the abuser. And rarely do they have complete access to money and other resources. When they do have money, they often have to account for every penny they spend.
Overall, the forms of financial abuse vary from situation to situation. Sometimes an abuser may use subtle tactics like manipulation while other abusers may be more overt, demanding, and intimidating. In the end, the goal is always the same—to gain power and control in a relationship.
While less commonly understood than other forms of abuse, financial abuse is one of the most powerful methods of keeping a victim trapped in an abusive relationship. Research shows that victims often are too concerned about their ability to provide financially for themselves and their children to end the relationship. Plus, financial insecurity is one of the top reasons women return to an abusive partner.
The Impact Of Financial Abuse
The effects of financial abuse are often devastating. Victims feel inadequate and unsure of themselves due to the emotional abuse that accompanies financial abuse. They also have to go without food and other necessities because they have no money.
In the short-term, financial abuse leaves victims vulnerable to physical abuse and violence. Without access to money, credit cards, and other financial assets, it’s extremely difficult to do any type of safety planning. For instance, if an abuser is particularly violent and the victim needs to leave in order to stay safe, this is difficult without money or a credit card. And if they need to leave the relationship permanently, it is challenging to find safe and affordable housing. They also struggle to provide for basic needs like food, clothing, and transportation.
For those who do manage to escape an abusive situation, they often face extreme difficulties in obtaining long-term housing, safety, and security. Victims often have spotty employment records, ruined credit histories, and mounting legal issues caused by years of financial abuse. Consequently, it’s very difficult for them to establish independence and long-term security. In fact, many victims stay with or return to abusers due to concerns about financial stability.
Tactics Used By Other People Who Financially Abuse Others
Overall, financial abuse is very isolating because victims often become financially dependent on their abusers. This financial dependence traps them in the relationship. Without resources, they are unable to see a way out of their situation. For this reason, it’s extremely important that women can identify financial abuse before it escalates and they are stripped of their credit histories and employment opportunities.
Following is an overview of the way financial abuse is perpetrated. Some abusers may use all of these tactics while others may only use one or two. Regardless of whether the abusive person is using one tactic or 10, it’s still considered financial abuse. Here are some ways in which people are abused financially.
Exploiting Your Resources
When a dating partner or spouse uses or controls the money you have earned or saved, they are exploiting your resources. Here are some examples of this exploitation.
- Trying to control your use of or access to money you have earned or saved
- Using your assets for their personal benefit without asking
- Taking money or using credit cards without permission
- Ruining your credit history by running up limits and then not paying bills
- Claiming to make payments or pay bills in your name but not following through
- Borrowing money or making charges without repaying it
- Feeling entitled to your money or assets
- Demanding that you turn over your paycheck, passwords, and credit cards
- Expecting you to pay for their bills or their obligations
- Using offers to help with your budget or financial decisions as a cover for gaining control over your finances
- Requiring you to bail them out of difficult financial situations
- Confiscating your paycheck or other sources of income
- Intercepting or opening your bank statements and other financial records
- Threatening to lie to officials and claim you are “cheating or misusing benefits”
Interfering With Your Job
When a dating partner or spouse attempts to control your ability to earn money or gain assets, they are interfering with your income potential. Here are some examples of job interference.
- Criticizing and minimizing your job or choice of career
- Pressuring you to quit your job—sometimes even using children as an excuse
- Telling you where you can and cannot work
- Sabotaging your work responsibilities
- Harassing you at work by calling, texting, or stopping by
- Preventing you from working by hiding your keys, unhooking your car battery, taking your car without permission, or offering to babysit and then not showing up
Controlling Shared Assets And Resources
When a dating partner or spouse has complete control over the money in the relationship and you have little or no access to what you need, this is controlling the family resources. Here are some examples of controlling shared resources and assets.
- Criticizing every financial decision you make
- Reducing your freedom to plan or budget
- Making large financial decisions without your input
- Refusing to collaborate on finances
- Hiding or taking funds and putting them in a private account
- Insisting you share your income but refusing to share theirs
- Refusing to work or contribute to the family income
- Controlling the “purse strings” or establishing unrealistic limits or allowances
- Requiring you to account for every penny you spend (may even ask for receipts and change)
- Having a double standard when it comes to spending (they may spend money on entertainment, dining out, and clothing but criticize you when you make similar purchases)
- Withholding financial information such as account passwords, account numbers, and investment information
- Limiting your access to the overall financial picture as a couple
- Withholding money from you or requiring you to ask for money
- Demanding that you ask permission before spending money but not consulting you when they make purchases
- Requiring that large, joint purchases be in their name only (such as car loans, mortgages, cell phones, or apartment leases)
- Limiting your access to money by not allowing you to have bank accounts or credit cards
- Forcing you to sign financial documents without explanations
- Making threats to cut you off financially when you disagree
- Becoming enraged over money and then engaging in other forms of abuse like name-calling or physical violence
- Evading or refusing to pay child support
- Dragging out divorce proceedings in order to cripple you financially
A Word From “Very Well”
If you suspect that your partner or spouse is financially abusive, contact an advocate, a counselor, or a religious leader right away. Financial abuse is not something that gets better with time. In fact, it often escalates and can lead to other types of abuse.
If you do not have a counselor or religious leader who can help, contact the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-SAFE. The key is to address financial abuse right away.
inancial abuse in a domestic situation may involve:
- Preventing a cohabitant from resource acquisition, such as restricting their ability to find employment, maintain or advance their careers, and acquire assets.
- Preventing the victim from obtaining education.
- Spend victim’s money without their consent and creating debt, or completely spend victim’s savings to limit available resources.
- Exploiting economic resources of the victim.
In its extreme (and usual) form, this involves putting the victim on a strict “allowance”, withholding money at will and forcing the victim to beg for the money until the abuser gives the victim some money. It is common for the victim to receive less and less money as the abuse continues. This also includes (but is not limited to) preventing the victim from finishing education or obtaining employment, or intentionally squandering or misusing communal resources.
Controlling Mechanism
Economic abuse is often used as a controlling mechanism as part of a larger pattern of domestic abuse, which may include verbal, emotional, physical and sexual abuse. Physical abuse may include threats or attempts to kill the cohabitant. By restricting the victim’s access to economic resources, the offender has limited recourse to exit the abusive or violent relationship.
The following are ways that abusers may use economic abuse with other forms of domestic violence:
- Using physical force, or threat of violence, to get money.
- Providing money for sexual activity.
- Controlling access to a telephone, vehicle or ability to go shopping; other forms of isolation.
- Threatening to evict the cohabitants from the house without financial support.
- Exploiting the victim’s economic disadvantage.
- Destroying or taking resources from the cohabitants.
- Blaming the victim for an inability to manage money; or instigating other forms of economic abuse, such as destruction of property.
Victimization occurs across all Socioeconomic levels, and when victims are asked why they stay in abusive relationships, “lack of income” is a common response.
Job-Related Impacts:
There are several ways that abusers may impact a victim’s economic resources. As mentioned earlier, the abuser may prevent the victim from working or make it very difficult to maintain a job. They may likewise impede their ability to obtain an education. Frequent phone calls, surprise visits and other harassing activities interfere with the cohabitant’s work performance. In case of a cohabitant being homosexual, bisexual, transgender, or questioning of their sexuality (LGBTQ), the abuser may threaten to “out them” with their employer.
The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence in the United States reports that:
- 25–50% of victims of abuse from a partner have lost their job due to domestic violence.
- 35–56% of victims of domestic violence are harassed at work by their partners.
Impact Of Lack Of Economic Resources
By denying the victim access to money, such as forbidding the victim from maintaining a bank account, he or she is totally financially dependent upon the abuser for shelter, food, clothing and other necessities. In some cases the abuser may withhold those necessities, also including medicine and personal hygiene products. They may also greatly limit their ability to leave the abusive situation by refusing to pay court-ordered spousal or child support.
Abusers may also force their victims to obtain credit and then through negligent activities ruin their credit rating and ability to get credit.
Managing Financial Abuse
There are several ways to manage economic abuse: ensure one has safe access to important personal and financial records, ensure one’s research activities are not traceable and, if they believe that they are going to leave the cohabitation, they should prepare ahead of time.
Role in Elder Abuse
The elderly are sometimes victims of financial abuse from people within their family:
- Money or property is used without their permission or taken from them.
- Their signature is forged for financial transactions.
- Coerced or influence to sign over deeds, wills or power of attorney.
- Deceived into believing that money is exchanged for the promise of lifelong care.
Family members engaged in financial abuse of the elderly may include spouses, children, or grandchildren. They may engage in the activity because they feel justified, for instance, they are taking what they might later inherit or have a sense of “entitlement” due to a negative personal relationship with the older person. Or they may take money or property to prevent other family members from getting the money or for fear that their inheritance may be lost due to cost of treating illnesses. Sometimes, family members take money or property from their elders because of gambling or other financial problems or substance abuse.
It is estimated that there may be 5 million elderly citizens of the United States subject to financial abuse each year.
US Laws
The Survivors’ Empowerment and Economic Security Act was introduced by the 110th United States Congress to the Senate (S. 1136) and House of Representatives (H.R. 2395) to allow for greater economic freedom for domestic violence victims by providing short-term emergency benefits where needed, guaranteeing employment leave and unemployment compensation, and prohibit insurance restriction or job discrimination to domestic violence victims.
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