Domestic Violence Around The World

BY: Amanda Hildreth

Domestic Violence can affect anyone, but how it manifests itself may be different depending on the setting in which it occurs. Societal acceptance within a culture can play a large role in the survivor’s decision to leave an abusive situation. Societal acceptance of Domestic Violence is widespread among many developing countries, with 36% of people believing it is justified in certain situations (University of Bristol, 2018).

How Cultural Views Affect Victims

Cultural norms shape people’s perceptions and expectations of relationships and marriages. For example, in cultures such as Asian, African, and Middle Eastern societies, marriage is seen as a communal affair with an emphasis on family satisfaction. As a consequence, those in these societies may face intense pressure to maintain the relationship, regardless of any Domestic Violence they may be experiencing (Perina, 2023). 

For example, a study performed in South Africa revealed women in the region have the cultural belief of “lebtila la mosadi ke bogadi” which translates to “ a woman’s grave is at her husband’s house,” which affects their decision to leave a relationship where they are experiencing Domestic Violence (Perina, 2023). 

Countries Without Domestic Violence Protection

Unfortunately, even in this modern age, many countries lack the laws to protect against Domestic Violence. These countries often experience more than 300 cases daily (Sawe, 2018). 

Countries without any Domestic Violence protection include (Sawe, 2018):

• Congo
• South Sudan
• Iraq
• Iran
• Ivory Coast
• Myanmar
• Chad
• Swaziland
• Burkina Faso
• Cameroon
• Morocco
• Guinea
• Estonia
• Russia
• Qatar
• Gabon
• Eritrea
• Djibouti
• Niger
• Haiti
• Egypt
• Oman
• Syria
• Sudan
• United arab emirates
• Bahrain
• Afghanistan
• Mauritania
• Yemen
• Palestine
• Uzbekistan
• Armenia
• Mali
• Liberia
• Lesotho
• Libya
• Tunisia
• Togo
• Micronesia
• Algeria
• Tanzania
• Kenya
• Kuwait

Several factors, including religious beliefs, taboos, and cultural beliefs, are some of the leading causes of a lack of laws around Domestic Violence in these countries. In countries in the Middle East, for example, it is taboo for women to report any form of violence they may experience. Further, the lack of reported cases makes it difficult to create laws against Domestic Violence because of improper support from communities. These laws may also vary from community to community, with no common law on Domestic Violence. Many authorities in these areas even oppose laws on handling Domestic Violence (Sawe, 2018).

Most of the offices responsible for these laws are dominated by men, leading most proposed laws on Domestic Violence to be rejected. Laws against Domestic Violence may be seen as an infringement on the rights of the person who committed the crime. In some countries, Domestic Violence is not seen as a crime to create a law to prevent it (Sawe, 2018).

Countries Moving Toward Change

Although many countries have no laws against Domestic Violence, some countries are moving toward change and continuing to pass new laws against Domestic Violence.

In 2016, China passed its first law making Domestic Violence a national crime and describing Domestic Violence as any Physical or Psychological Abuse against a relative or cohabiting non-relative. Jordan, Lebanon, and Tunisia have been moving toward rescinding their rape-marriage laws. Kyrgyzstan passed a law called Safeguarding and Protection Against 

Domestic Violence (SPAV), which makes it easier for victims to report Domestic Violence cases with better follow-up from police. Liberia passed a Domestic Violence Act in 2019 that strengthened the protections for Domestic Violence victims, including men, women, and children, and also made it mandatory for healthcare providers, social workers, and school officials to report suspected incidents of Domestic Violence (Kraut, 2021). 

How We Can Prevent Domestic Violence In Other Countries

In certain cultures, such as Eastern cultures, a lack of support, both from a legal and institutional standpoint as well as social alienation, may leave Domestic Violence victims feeling trapped in an abusive relationship. Victims may face additional barriers to resources, such as language barriers or limited knowledge of their available resources (Perina, 2023). 

Through access to available and effective social support, those experiencing Domestic Violence can gather the strength to leave a violent relationship. In these cultures, continued emphasis on personal autonomy and independence provides more resources for seeking support (Perina, 2023). We must also provide services for victims that identify and understand how cultural values and norms impact each victim. 

People from different cultures may also have different coping strategies. For example, Japanese-born women show increased psychological distress toward active coping strategies compared to American-born Japanese women. In these situations, speaking out against abuse may create more anxiety than the abuse itself (Perina, 2023). 

Understanding the role that culture plays in how we view Domestic Violence can help us have compassion for survivors and provide us with best practices to help survivors heal.

At ARO, we are here to support your personal healing journey towards your complete well-being. We bring solutions and real-time education for 21 different types of abuses. The most prevalent abuses are Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse. Support our efforts by visiting GoARO.org and NormTherapy.com to sign up for Norm Therapist® Training to become one of our dynamic staff members who serve Victims and Survivors of abuse worldwide, schedule Norm Therapy® sessions, become a Live Stream volunteer, join our mailing list to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community, and provide life-saving financial assistance with a generous donation.

References

University Of Bristol. (2018, October 31). Domestic violence is widely accepted in most developing countries, new study reveals. ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181031141437.htm#:~:text=Overall%2C%20the%20societal%20acceptance%20of,Asia%20(29%20per%20cent). 

Perina, K. (2023, July 19). How culture impacts the decision to leave abusive marriages. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/non-weird-science/202307/how-culture-impacts-the-decision-to-leave-abusive-marriages 

Sawe, B. E. (2018, August 15). Countries without laws against domestic violence. WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/nations-without-domestic-violence-regulation.html 

Kraut, M. (2021, October 31). A look at domestic violence internationally. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney Blog. https://www.losangelescriminaldefenseattorneyblog.com/a-look-at-domestic-violence-internationally/ 

The Consequences Of Rape On Survivors

by- Hannah Jagiri

Rape is a heinous crime that leaves scars on its survivors, both physically and psychologically. The aftermath of sexual assault can be seen through every aspect of a survivor's life, altering their sense of self, relationships, and overall well-being. Let’s delve into the profound consequences of rape and shed light on the pain endured by Survivors.

Physical Effects of Rape

There are a variety of physical effects caused by rape (Gluck, 2022).

 1. Visible Trauma

Bruising and Bleeding:  Forced sexual assault often results in visible bruising or bleeding in and around the vaginal or anal area, as well as on other parts of the body, due to coercive violence.

Painful Intercourse:  Survivors may experience pain during sexual intercourse with their partner.

Urinary Infections:  Infections can occur due to trauma or exposure during the assault.

2. Reproductive Health Implications

Pregnancy:  Rape can lead to unwanted pregnancies, adding an additional layer of trauma (Rape Crisis, 2024). 

Sexually Transmitted Diseases:  Survivors are at risk of contracting STDs such as HIV, genital warts, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia.

Psychological Effects of Rape

The effects of rape aren’t just physical; rape leaves a variety of psychological wounds on its Survivors (Gluck,2022).

1. Self-Blame and Coping Mechanisms

Self-Blame:  Survivors often blame themselves as an avoidance-based coping tool. Self-blame can hinder the healing process.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):  PTSD causes feelings of severe anxiety, stress, and reliving the trauma that haunts Survivors.

Depression: The weight of the experience can lead to deep depression.

Flashbacks: Memories of the assault often resurface as if the horror is happening again.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): BPD leads to emotional instability and difficulty regulating emotions.

Sleep Disorders: Survivors may experience nightmares and disrupted sleep patterns.

Eating Disorders:  Trauma from rape may manifest in disordered eating habits.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):  DID leads to experiencing a fragmented sense of self.

2. Social and Emotional Impact

Rape has a variety of social-emotional impacts on the Survivor (Joyful Heart Foundation, 2024), (Rape Crisis, 2024). 

Distrust of Others:  Survivors become uneasy in everyday social situations, questioning the intentions of those around them.

Anger:  Survivors may experience rage at the violation they endured.

Feelings of Powerlessness:  Many Survivors feel that the rapist robbed them of control over their bodies, leaving them feeling helpless.

The Long-Term Journey

The aftermath of rape is a complex web of acute and chronic effects. Survivors require comprehensive care that addresses both the immediate and long-term consequences. Sadly, intimate relationships often disintegrate within a year after the assault, exacerbating the psychological impact. Some Survivors, especially those who experienced extreme violence or were assaulted at a young age, may need lifelong treatment (Gluck,2022).

As a society, we must recognize the gravity of these consequences and provide unwavering support to Survivors. Healing begins with empathy, understanding, and a commitment to dismantling the culture that perpetuates sexual violence.

Survivors are not defined solely by their trauma. They are resilient individuals deserving of compassion and healing. Let us stand together to create a world where no one suffers in silence and justice prevails for all survivors of sexual assault.

At ARO, we are here to support your personal healing journey towards your complete well-being. We bring solutions and real-time education for 21 different types of abuses. The most prevalent abuses are Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse. Support our efforts by visiting GoARO.org and NormTherapy.com to sign up for Norm Therapist® Training to become one of our dynamic staff members who serve Victims and Survivors of abuse worldwide, schedule Norm Therapy® sessions, become a Live Stream Volunteer, join our mailing list to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community, and provide life-saving financial assistance with a generous donation.

References 

Gluck, S. (2022, January 2). Effects of rape: Psychological and physical effects of rape. HealthyPlace. ;

Rape Crisis. (2024). Impacts of sexual violence and abuse. Rape Crisis England & Wales. Heart Foundation. (2024). Effects of Sexual Assault and Rape. Joyfulheartfoundation.org. https://www.joyfulheartfoundation.org/learn/sexual-assault-rape/effects-sexual-assault-and-rape

Child Abuse And Addiction: A Vicious Cycle

by- Amanda Hildreth

All types of Child Abuse, including Sexual, Physical, Emotional, and child neglect, can have long-term consequences throughout someone’s life (The National Foundation To End Child Abuse and Neglect, 2023).  

Child Abuse affects one in four children in the United States. Child Abuse can cause a variety of effects, including post-traumatic stress disorder and an increased risk of developing a substance use problem later in life (The National Foundation To End Child Abuse and Neglect, 2023).

Although not every child who experiences abuse will struggle with using substances, there is a significant link between Child Abuse and substance use (The National Foundation To End Child Abuse and Neglect, 2023).

Why Child Abuse May Lead to Substance Use

Studies have shown that Child Abuse is one of the most common predictors of substance use leading into adulthood. Child Abuse may lead to long-term emotional and psychological damage, which further increases the risk of substance use as they try to deal with stress and trauma (The National Foundation To End Child Abuse and Neglect, 2023).

Child Abuse also affects brain development in areas that regulate emotions and manage impulses. Emotional regulation in childhood is developed through interactions with parents and other important adults in the child’s life. In a home environment where Child Abuse is occurring, children are not exposed to appropriate behaviors to manage and express emotions (The National Foundation To End Child Abuse and Neglect, 2023).

A lack of emotional regulation results in a child’s inability to manage negative emotions in adulthood, and they may find unhealthy ways to manage negative emotions, such as using substances (The National Foundation To End Child Abuse and Neglect, 2023).

Research has also shown a link between exposure to trauma and substance use. About 96.5% of adults living with a substance use disorder have experienced at least one traumatic event in their lifetime (Mandavia, Robinson, Bradley, Ressler, and Powers, 2016).

The Effect of Parental Addiction On Children

Many children who experience child neglect and abuse also have parents who are living with an active addiction. Around 25% of children in the United States are exposed to Alcohol Abuse alone within their families (Shoreline Recovery Center, 2022). 

Children of substance abusers are at risk for various emotional, social, and behavioral issues as well as cognitive challenges (Shoreline Recovery Center, 2022). 

Parents who are addicted often can’t provide structure or a loving environment, which leads to adverse health effects as well as problems with their physical and emotional development and also increases their risk of experiencing Sexual or Physical Abuse (Shoreline Recovery Center, 2022). 

When a parent or caregiver is living with addiction, they are also often living with at least one mental health disorder, which places children at high risk for child neglect (Shoreline Recovery Center, 2022). 

Signs To Be Aware Of

When a child is experiencing problems at home due to a parent misusing drugs or alcohol or due to Child Abuse, there are often noticeable signs.

Signs to be aware of in the child may include (Shoreline Recovery Center, 2022) and (Stanford Medicine, 2024):

• Being angry or aggressive
• Having behavioral problems
• Having low self-esteem
• Showing signs of depression
• Self-harming
• Failing to meet school requests that involve parents
• Becoming scared if the school contacts their parents
• Fear
• Anxiety
• Social withdrawal
• Poor concentration
• Abnormal weight gain or loss
• Poor hygiene
• Burns
• Bites
• Lacerations
• Bruising

The child’s parents may also seem evasive or have inconsistent stories about why the child is having an issue or injury.

What To Do If You Suspect A Child Is Being Abused

If a child is in immediate danger or has been severely injured due to abuse, call 911. Otherwise, if you suspect Child Abuse, there are some crucial steps you should take before making a report.

Before making a report (RAINN, 2024):

• Tell the child you will talk to someone who will help them, and ensure them that you are doing so for their safety.
• Ensure that the child is in a safe place. If you fear that the abuser will cause further harm to the child after you make the report, communicate this to the authorities.
• Be ready to provide identifying information such as the nature of the abuse, your relationship with the child, etc.

We offer Norm Therapy® sessions through our website, where you can talk to a Norm Therapist® about what you are experiencing. Visit our website to learn more at GoARO.org. Each state has a local agency where you can report Child Abuse, which can be found on the Child Welfare website. The Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline provides professional crisis counselors who are reachable 24 hours a day, seven days a week. You can also call your local police precinct (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2024). For international needs and services, please contact: 

• The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect: http://www.ispcan.org/
• World Health Organization: World Health Organization (WHO)
• Kidpower International: Child Abuse Prevention | Kidpower International
• Child Rights International Network: CRIN - Child Rights International Network
• Child Helpline International: Child Helpline International – Every Child Has a Voice. No child should be left unheard.
• CDC- Additional Resources|Child Abuse and Neglect|Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC
• 4C for Children- Child Abuse Prevention & Positive Parenting | 4C for Children

At ARO, we are here to support your personal healing journey towards your complete well-being. We bring solutions and real-time education for 21 different types of abuses. The most prevalent abuses are Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse. Support our efforts by visiting GoARO.org and NormTherapy.com to sign up for Norm Therapist® Training to become one of our dynamic staff members who serve Victims and Survivors of abuse worldwide, schedule Norm Therapy® sessions, become a Live Stream volunteer, join our mailing list to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community, and provide life-saving financial assistance with a generous donation.

Sources:

The National Foundation to End Child Abuse and Neglect. (2023, January 31). The link between child abuse and substance abuse. ;

Mandavia, A., Robinson, G. G. N., Bradley, B., Ressler, K. J., & Powers, A. (2016, October). Exposure to childhood abuse and later substance use: Indirect effects of emotion dysregulation and exposure to trauma. Journal of traumatic stress. ;

Impact of parental substance misuse on child development. SHORELINE Recovery Center | Alcohol and Drug Rehab San Diego. (2022, April 4). ;

Stanford Medicine. (2024). Signs & Symptoms of Abuse/Neglect. Child Abuse. ;

RAINN. (2024). If you suspect a child is being harmed. ;

Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2024). How to report Child abuse and neglect. ;

Abuse In Pregnancy: Acknowledging An Undeniable Truth

by- Amanda Hildreth

Domestic Abuse can happen to anyone, regardless of their background, gender, age, ethnicity, religion, or sexuality. Around one in five women experience Domestic Abuse in their lifetime from a partner or ex-partner (NHS Inform, 2023). One in three women are affected by Domestic Abuse when pregnant (Tommy’s Pregnancy Hub, 2023).

Domestic Abuse may be triggered by pregnancy, or existing abuse may get worse during pregnancy or after birth (NHS, 2021).

What Can Trigger Abuse In Pregnancy?

For many, pregnancy can cause stress. However, it isn’t normal for your partner to react violently to stress. 

Some partners may become abusive during pregnancy because they feel (March of Dimes, 2023):

• Upset by an unplanned pregnancy
• Stressed at the thought of financially supporting a child
• Jealous that the  attention may shift from them to the new baby

What Behaviors May An Abuser Exhibit During And After Pregnancy?

There are a variety of ways in which an abuser may act during or after pregnancy to have power and control over their partner.

During pregnancy, an abuser may (Envision Counseling and Support Centre, 2023):

• Start, continue, or change the patterns of abuse
• Control, limit, or deny access to prenatal care
• Use the pregnancy as an excuse for Emotional Abuse
• Deny that the child is theirs
• Provide no emotional support during pregnancy
• Refuse their partner access to money for food or access to food
• Threaten to leave and report the partner as an unfit parent
• Force their partner to have an abortion
• Injure their partner to cause them to lose the baby
• Force their partner to continue with an unwanted pregnancy

After the baby is born, the cycle of abuse and control doesn’t stop. After the baby is born, an abuser may (Envision Counseling and Support Centre, 2023):

• Increase the amount of abuse
• Deny the partner access to the newborn child
• Not support the partner or help them when they come home with the baby
• Blame the partner because the infant is the wrong gender
• Try to make the partner feel bad for time spent with the baby
• Criticize the partner’s parenting abilities
• Threaten to kidnap the baby
• Make child custody threats
• Make the partner stay at home with the baby
• Prevent the partner from getting a job
• Making or threatening to make false child abuse allegations to Social Services against the partner
• Withhold money or supplies for the baby, such as diapers or formula
• Blame the partner for the baby’s crying
• Not allowing the partner to perform personal hygiene tasks such as bathing
• Threaten to take the baby or other children and leave

Who Is At Risk For Abuse During Pregnancy?

Anyone can experience abuse during pregnancy. However, there are a variety of risk factors that put you at a higher risk for experiencing Domestic Abuse during pregnancy. 

A history of Domestic Violence, a lack of social support, a lower education level, and unplanned pregnancy are considered to be significant risk factors for Domestic Violence during pregnancy (Shidhani, Kendi & Kiyumi, 2020).

Alcohol consumption by the abusive partner was also a significant risk factor for all women regardless of pregnancy status (Shidhani, Kendi & Kiyumi, 2020).

Effects Of Abuse On Maternal And Neonatal Outcomes

The effects of Domestic Violence on maternal and neonatal outcomes are multifaceted and preventable.

Experiencing Domestic Violence during pregnancy is associated with a variety of pregnancy-related behaviors. Research shows that women abused during pregnancy are twice as likely to miss appointments for prenatal care or seek care later than is recommended. Poor nutrition and less than adequate weight gain, as well as higher rates of smoking, alcohol use, and substance use, also occur in women experiencing pregnancy abuse (Alhusen, Ray, Sharps & Bullock, 2015).

Negative mental health effects such as depression can occur during pregnancy. Women who experience abuse are 2.5 times more likely to have depression than those not abused while pregnant. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is also a common side effect of Domestic Abuse in 19 to 84% of women (Alhusen, Ray, Sharps & Bullock, 2015). 

Research supports a link between insufficient prenatal care and negative birth outcomes such as low birth weight or preterm delivery. Women who experienced physical assault during pregnancy also had an increased risk of abruption or hemorrhage during labor (Alhusen, Ray, Sharps & Bullock, 2015).

For women experiencing physical violence, episodes of assault contributed to an 8-fold increase in the risk of fetal death and a 6-fold increase in the risk of neonatal death (Alhusen, Ray, Sharps & Bullock, 2015). 

Domestic Violence also has a fourfold increased risk of having a smaller gestational-age infant. These infants are smaller than normal for their gestational age and are at an increased risk of early childhood developmental and behavioral problems, as well as coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and other adverse health effects that can last into adulthood (Alhusen, Ray, Sharps & Bullock, 2015).

What To Do If You Are Experiencing Domestic Violence

Though it may be challenging, getting help if you are experiencing Domestic Violence is crucial. It is not your fault, and you can make a new life for yourself and your baby. 

You may feel that if you stay, you may be hurt again, but if you leave, your partner may pursue you.

Here are some steps you can take to get help (Frost, 2021):

• Call 911 if you believe your partner is going to hurt you.
• Call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 800-799-7233. They can provide confidential crisis intervention and referrals to local resources as well as emergency strategies. 
• Consult with your healthcare provider or Norm Therapist®. 
• Visit the National Domestic Violence Hotline for important safety planning tips and numbers to call in each state for services.
• Prepare a getaway bag with emergency resources, including clothes, money, ID, food, and water.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. You can schedule Norm Therapy® sessions today by going to our website at GoARO.org to get the help and care you need. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse, including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

Sources:

NHS Inform. (2023). Violence and abuse in pregnancy | ready steady baby! - NHS inform. ;

Tommy’s Pregnancy Hub. (2023). Domestic abuse during and after pregnancy. Tommy’s. Together, for every baby. ;

NHS. (2023). Domestic abuse in pregnancy. NHS choices. ;

March of Dimes. (2023). Abuse during pregnancy. March of Dimes. ;

Abuse during pregnancy.

Envision Counseling and Support Centre. (2023, March 15). ;

Shidhani, N. A. A., Kendi, A. A. A., & Kiyumi, M. H. A. (2020, October 28). Prevalence, risk factors and effects of domestic violence before and d: IJWH. International Journal of Women’s Health. https://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-risk-factors-and-effects-of-domestic-violence-before-and-du-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH 

Alhusen, J. L., Ray, E., Sharps, P., & Bullock, L. (2015, January). Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: Maternal and neonatal outcomes. Journal of women’s health (2002). ;

Frost, A. (2021, November). Domestic violence in pregnancy. BabyCenter. ;

The Effect of Narcissistic Abuse on Adult Victims

by- Hannah Jagiri

Narcissism is a personality trait characterized by excessive self-importance and a constant need for admiration. Narcissists often lack empathy, and their actions can have profound effects on adults in various aspects of their lives (Mitra, P., & Fluyau, D., 2023). 

Narcissism can have lasting effects on adult Victims, impacting various aspects of their lives. This pervasive pattern of behavior can influence relationships, professional success, mental health, and overall well-being. People who fall prey to narcissistic behavior often find themselves entangled in a web of manipulation, Emotional Abuse, and a distorted sense of self-worth (Corelli, 2023). 

One of the most evident impacts of Narcissistic Abuse  on Victims is creating a lack of self-esteem. Narcissists thrive on diminishing others to elevate themselves, leaving their Victims questioning their value and competence. Continuous exposure to such behavior can lead to a pervasive sense of inadequacy, making it challenging for Victims to trust their judgment and capabilities (Bay Area CBT Center, 2023).

Relationships bear the brunt of narcissistic influence, with Victims often experiencing difficulties forming and maintaining healthy connections. The manipulative tactics employed by narcissists often leave Victims questioning the authenticity of others, making it challenging to establish genuine bonds (Corelli, 2023). 

Emotional well-being is also significantly impacted by Narcissistic Abuse. Victims may grapple with anxiety, depression, and heightened stress levels as a result of the constant emotional turmoil inflicted upon them. The gaslighting and manipulation techniques used by narcissists can leave Victims questioning their reality, leading to a state of confusion and emotional distress (Wakefield, 2023). 

Leaving a narcissistic relationship often involves a process of healing and rebuilding. Victims may undergo therapy to address the emotional scars left by the narcissist and work toward restoring their sense of self-worth and reclaiming control over their lives (Shafir, 2022).

In conclusion, the impact of narcissism on Victims is multifaceted, affecting their self-esteem, relationships, emotional well-being, and professional lives. Breaking free from the clutches of Narcissistic Abuse requires a combination of self-awareness, support from others, and a commitment to healing.

Recognizing the signs of narcissistic behavior and seeking help are essential steps in reclaiming one's life and moving toward a future free from the detrimental effects of Narcissistic Abuse (Shafir, 2022). Don't let fear of being alone deter you; we're here to support you through this journey.

At ARO, we bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse, including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can impact the Abuse Care Community, purchase Norm Therapy® sessions, and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References

Mitra, P., & Fluyau, D. (2023, March 13). Narcissistic personality disorder - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556001/ 

Corelli, C. (2023, November 20). 10 symptoms of daughters of narcissistic fathers. Carla Corelli. ;

CBT to overcome narcissistic abuse: Understanding echoism and pseudo-identity. Bay Area CBT Center. (2023, August 24). https://bayareacbtcenter.com/cbt-to-overcome-narcissistic-abuse-understanding-echoism-and-pseudo-identity/#:~:text=Victims%20experience%20internal%20co

Corelli, C. (2023, November 20). The complicated dynamics of narcissistic families: What you need to know. Carla Corelli. ;

Wakefield, M. (2023, July 17). Narcissistic abuse and anxiety. Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. https://www.narcissisticabuserehab.com/narcissistic-abuse-and-anxiety/#:~:text=Long%20Term%20Effects,sense%20of%20helplessness%20and%20vulnerability. 

Shafir, H. (2022, February 11). Stages of healing after narcissistic abuse - choosing therapy. ;

Abuse And Technology: The Dark Side Of Technology Advancement

by- Amanda Hildreth

In many ways, technology has improved our lives. It is integral to many aspects of our daily lives. However, there is also a dark side to technology, as technology is increasingly being used to control Victims of abuse. 

Technological Abuse uses everyday tools like online platforms, mobile devices, and smart devices for the purpose of abuse.

What Does Technology Abuse Look Like?

Technology Abuse can appear in numerous ways to include the following (FinAbility, 2023):

• Communication online through social media, phone, text, or email without consent. This can include trying to reach you through a friend, family member, child, etc.
• Impersonating someone online to contact you
• Impersonating you online
• Making someone send proof of their location
• Checking someone’s text messages, social media interactions, or other internet usage
• Sending abusive emails, texts, or other messages
• Making excessive texts and calls to reach you
• Watching your online activities through spyware 
• Making threatening phone calls 
• Forcing someone under threat of violence to give them a password to gain access to their accounts or devices
• Keeping someone’s phone or limiting who they can contact
• Sharing intimate photos of someone without consent
• Using a GPS tracker on your car to track you
• Using smart devices in the home or smart watches to monitor you

How Prevalent Is Technology Abuse?

Technology Abuse is very prevalent worldwide. The following are statistics about the prevalence of this abuse (NARIKA, 2018):

• 97% of Domestic Violence programs report abusers using technology to control, monitor, and harass Victims
• 80% of Domestic Violence programs report abusers monitoring a Victim’s social media accounts
• 86% of Domestic Violence programs report that Survivors are harassed using social media
• 1 in 4 Victims of stalking receives unwanted calls, emails, texts, and cyberstalking

In 2019, 71% of Domestic Abuse perpetrators monitored a Victim’s devices and activity, and 54% downloaded stalkerware on the Victim’s device (Parsons et al., 2019). In January 2020, 60 to 63% of Victims had reported Technology Abuse (Messing, Bagwell-Gray, Brown, Kappas & Durfee, 2020). 

Abusers have used technology to harass and monitor Victims for years, but the pandemic has created more opportunities for abuse than before. It is easier to get access to someone’s phone to change privacy settings, get passwords, and put tracking software on their phone due to spending more time with their partners in close quarters (Godin, 2020).

The Impacts Of Technology Abuse

Being harassed and monitored can leave you feeling powerless and make you afraid for your safety. Someone who uses technology to abuse is also likely going to make it harder for you to leave the relationship by limiting your contact with family, friends, or support services. After you leave the relationship, the abuser may still use technology to abuse you and track your location (Safe Steps Family Violence Response Centre, 2023). 

New Forms Of Abuse Using Technology

With new developing technology also emerge new forms of abuse. 

Some mobile device apps allow hidden surveillance. One study found a 93% increase in the use of spyware apps since the start of the pandemic (Avast, 2021). 

There are also tracking apps designed for child or anti-theft protection that are easily accessible in the app store or on legitimate websites. Research shows these apps have been used to stalk or spy on Victims (Freed, D., Palmer, J., Minchala, D., Levy, K., Ristenpart, T., & Dell, N. 2018)

Abusers have also been known to use covert monitoring devices like Apple AirTags to track someone’s car (Matei, 2022). Smart locks, thermostats, TVs, sound systems, and security monitoring are also being used to control Victims and monitor their movements. 

Fake accounts on social media are also being used with the intent of abuse. These accounts often present the Victim in a negative light or in a derogatory way (Sugiura, L., Nurse, J. R. C., 2023). 

How Can I Protect Myself If I’m Using Connected Devices?

To use connected devices safely, make sure you know how your devices connect to each other, what information is available, and what security features the technology has. 

If you suspect one of your devices is being misused, you can document the abuse. Documenting the abuse can show you patterns and help you build a case if you are pursuing legal action. 

Safety planning with someone who has an understanding of Technology Abuse is also a good idea (WomensLaw.org., 2023). A Norm Therapist® can be a trusted resource to help you with safety planning and abuse recovery. To learn more or to schedule Norm Therapy® sessions, go to: https://abuserefuge.org/norm-therapy-victim-or-survivor-form.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying,  Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

Sources

FinAbility. (2023). About technology abuse. About Technology Abuse. ;

Tech abuse awareness. NARIKA. (2018). ;

Parsons, C., Molnar, A., Dalek, J., Knockel, J., Kenyon, M., Haselton, B., Khoo, C., & Deibert, R. (2019, June 12). The predator in your pocket: A multidisciplinary assessment of the stalkerware application industry. The Citizen Lab. ;

Messing, J., Bagwell-Gray, M., Brown, M. L., Kappas, A., & Durfee, A. (2020, January 6). Intersections of stalking and technology-based abuse: Emerging definitions, conceptualization, and measurement - journal of family violence. SpringerLink. ;

Godin, M. (2020, December 31). How technology is enabling domestic abusers in the pandemic. Time. https://time.com/5922566/technology-domestic-abuse-coronavirus-pandemic/ 

Technology abuse. Safe Steps Family Violence Response Centre. (2023, July 26). ;

Avast. (2021, April 22). Use of Stalkerware and Spyware Apps Increase by 93% since Lockdown Began in the UK. ;

Freed, D., Palmer, J., Minchala, D., Levy, K., Ristenpart, T., & Dell, N. (2018, April 21). “A stalker’s paradise”: How intimate partner abusers exploit technology. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3173574.3174241 

Matei, A. (2022, January 20). “I was just really scared”: Apple AirTags lead to stalking complaints. The Guardian. ;

Sugiura, L., Nurse, J. R. C. (2023, January 12). How tech is driving new forms of domestic abuse. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-tech-is-driving-new-forms-of-domestic-abuse-176187

Abuse using technology. WomensLaw.org. (2023, August 23). ;

navigating workspace anxiety

by- Hannah Jagiri

In today's fast-paced and competitive work environments, it's unsurprising that many individuals experience workspace anxiety. Whether you're working in a bustling office or from the comfort of your home, the pressures of the modern workplace can take a toll on your mental well-being. 

Understanding and addressing workspace anxiety is crucial for maintaining productivity and overall happiness. Workspace anxiety can manifest in various ways, from the fear of meeting tight deadlines to concerns about job security and the pressure to perform at a high level constantly.

Symptoms of Workspace Anxiety

Workspace anxiety can manifest in various ways, with symptoms ranging from subtle to overt. Individuals experiencing workspace anxiety may find themselves constantly on edge, feeling a sense of restlessness or unease. Procrastination and difficulty concentrating on tasks are common signs, as well as persistent feelings of being overwhelmed and the fear of not meeting deadlines. 

Physical symptoms, such as tension headaches, muscle tightness, and changes in sleep patterns, can also occur. Additionally, individuals with workspace anxiety might experience irritability, mood swings, and a decrease in overall job satisfaction.

A healthier and more productive work environment begins with recognizing the symptoms of workspace anxiety.

Here are some strategies to help you manage and alleviate workspace anxiety: 

• Establish a Routine: Create a daily schedule that includes work hours, breaks, and time for self-care. Consistency can provide a sense of control and reduce anxiety. 

• Set Realistic Goals: Break down daily tasks into manageable steps and set achievable goals. Celebrate small victories along the way to boost your confidence. 

• Open Communication: Talk to your manager or colleagues about your concerns. They may offer support or suggest ways to reduce your workload. 

• Mindfulness and Relaxation: Practice mindfulness exercises or relaxation techniques like deep breathing to reduce stress. These can be particularly useful during high-pressure moments. 

• Create Boundaries: When working remotely, establish clear boundaries between work and personal life. Designate a workspace and set specific hours for work to prevent burnout. 

• Stay Informed: Keep up with work trends and developments to boost your confidence and reduce uncertainty about your job. 

• Seek Professional Help: If workspace anxiety becomes overwhelming and persistent, consider speaking with a Norm Therapist® or mental health professional. They can provide guidance, support and coping strategies tailored to your situation. 

• Socialize and Connect: Make an effort to connect with colleagues, even if it's virtually. Social support can significantly reduce feelings of isolation. 

• Self-Care: Prioritize self-care activities such as exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep. A healthy lifestyle can strengthen your resilience to workplace stressors. 

• Take Breaks: Regularly step away from your workspace to recharge. Short breaks can improve focus and prevent burnout. It is important to know that workspace anxiety is a common challenge, and you're not alone in facing it. 

By implementing the strategies provided and seeking support when needed, you can create a more relaxed and fulfilling work environment that promotes both your professional growth and your mental well-being. We are rooting for you.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Explotation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References:

Priory Group. (2023). What to do if you feel too anxious to work. Workplace Anxiety: What To Do if You Feel Too Anxious to Work. ;

Vige, W. (2023, January 28). It’s time to get your work anxiety under control [2023]. Asana. ;

Laguaite, M. (2021, April 5). Workplace anxiety: Causes, symptoms, and treatment. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/features/workplace-anxiety 

Abuse and Mental Health: The Common Connection

by- Amanda Hildreth

Abuse is common in relationships but isn't only limited to romantic relationships. It can also come in the form of relationships with family, friendships, or interactions with strangers. 

The common assumption is that abuse is caused by a mental health diagnosis such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, borderline personality disorder, etc. These are serious mental health conditions; however, they do not cause abuse. However, a few diagnoses can increase the risk of abusive patterns in relationships and other areas of life (The National Domestic Violence Hotline, 2023).

Which Diagnoses Lead to Violent Behavior and Abuse?

Occasionally, mental health symptoms can lead a person to violence. These diagnoses include ( DeAngelis, T., 2021):

• Persecutory Delusions: For people with psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, studies show that some of the symptoms can lead to violence. These include persecutory delusions, such as when a patient thinks people are constantly out to get them or another grand delusion. Another symptom is “command hallucinations” when someone hears voices that order them to be violent with someone.

• Grandiosity, Grandiose Delusions, And Mania: Grandiosity can play a role in violence and aggression. People can be overtaken by an exaggerated sense of power, preventing them from empathizing with others and creating a sense of entitlement, including the right to take advantage of others. The high energy that comes with mania can also lead to violence. 

• Antisocial Personality Traits: A diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder characterized by deceitfulness, manipulation of others for personal gain, and disregard for others can lead to violence. 

Abusive Behavior and Mental Illness Are Separate 

Due to abusive behaviors primarily occurring in intimate relationships, it is common that an abusive person won't show their negative behaviors with coworkers, family members, or friends. The abuser often wears a mask for the rest of the world, while the Victim is the only person to see this behavior. This can be isolating for the Victim because they believe no one else will believe them because they haven't witnessed these behaviors (The National Domestic Violence Hotline, 2023).

Abuse and mental illness can occur simultaneously. There are cases of people who have mental illness and are abusive to their partners. There are also cases of those who have mental illness and are healthy partners (The National Domestic Violence Hotline, 2023).

If your partner has a mental illness and is abusive, it is important to remember that the mental illness and abusive behaviors must be taken care of separately. The abusive partner is responsible for creating their own plan for managing their abusive behavior and mental illness.

If your partner isn't owning up to their actions and is not seeking help, that may be a sign your partner is unwilling to change. In these cases, the abuse in the relationship may continue and escalates over time. 

The following questions can help you identify whether your partner is just abusive or has abusive behavior with mental health issues (The National Domestic Violence Hotline, 2023):

• Does the partner yell or scream at others outside the relationship, such as coworkers, family members, etc.?
• Does the partner make others check in to see who they are with and where they are?
• Does the partner physically abuse others outside of the relationship?
• Does the partner verbally abuse or minimize others?
• Does the partner make threats to others when they say something they don't agree with?

If you answered no to most of these questions, your partner is likely abusive without having a mental illness. If you answered yes to most of the questions, then it's possible your partner is abusive and has a mental illness.

Regardless of whether your partner has a mental health issue, this is never an excuse for abuse. Abuse is a choice someone makes to control a partner. You deserve healthy, supportive, and safe relationships (The National Domestic Violence Hotline, 2023). 

Types of Abuse and the Effect They Have on Mental Health

Different types of abuse have different effects on the mental health of victims (Plumptre, E., 2021). 

Effects of Physical Abuse

Experiencing Physical Abuse regularly and the stress of expecting abuse, has been linked to stress, PTSD, eating disorders, and more. Physical Abuse can also disrupt sleep patterns and has been linked to insomnia. There is also a link to engaging in substance abuse. Victims of Physical Abuse may find they are restless during daily activities and unable to do much due to fatigue.

Effects of Emotional Abuse

Being around someone whose mood changes dramatically can be mentally taxing. Victims of Emotional Abuse commonly experience anxiety and depression. It also isn't uncommon for the victim to develop phobias or substance use disorders. In some situations, Emotional Abuse can lead to suicide.

Effects of Sexual Abuse 

When a person's sexual autonomy is taken from them, this can produce adverse reactions in both the body and mind. Being forced into sexual acts can cause feelings of guilt. A victim of Sexual Abuse may find difficulty in holding onto a relationship and struggle with anxiety and depression. Victims may experience PTSD, poor sleep patterns, or sexual dysfunction. In some situations, Sexual Abuse can lead to suicide.

Effects of Financial Abuse

It can be emotionally and mentally taxing when someone withholds money from their partner. Those who experience Financial Abuse may be in a constant state of distress and anxiety over their economic status. These feelings can lead to depression and significantly affect the home by impacting the ability to carry out parental roles.

Victimization of Those With Mental Illnesses

In addition to abuse causing mental health issues, Victims with existing mental illnesses are often victimized (Carroll, H., 2016).

• Rates of victimization among severely mentally ill people are higher than those of the general population. Victimization also occurs more often in people with substance abuse issues.

• A National Crime Victimization Survey found that more than a quarter of patients with chronic mental health issues had been Victims of violent crime in the last year, which is 11 times higher than a member of the general population.

• In another study, patients with severe psychiatric disorders who were also substance abusers had more instances of violent victimization than those with a mental illness and no substance abuse issues. Most of the victimization was related to disorders such as schizophrenia, which can lead people to make poor judgments about whom they can trust.

• In another study, individuals with schizophrenia were tracked for three years. During that time, 34% of them were Victims of rape, assault or robbery. The people victimized were likely to have severe symptoms.

• A survey based on individuals with serious mental illnesses found that 20% of women and 8% of men had been sexually assaulted, and 33% of women and 37% of men had experienced physical violence.

Individuals with serious mental health issues are 11 times more likely to experience violent crime than those without mental illness, and women with serious mental health issues are more at risk than men.

Resources for Mental Health Issues and Abuse

If you or someone you know has a mental illness as a result of abuse, there are ways to get help (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2019).

1. Connect With a Norm Therapist®

A Norm Therapist® can help a victim recover from abuse. Norm Therapy® takes the victim through the process of identifying their abuse, strengths, and weaknesses and provides a solution to prepare them for formalized professional counseling and therapies. 

2. Call The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline

Call or text the Suicide And Crisis Lifeline at 988 or use Lifeline Chat on the web for 24-hour confidential support from a trained crisis counselor for someone in emotional distress or a suicide crisis.

3. Veterans Crisis Line

The Veterans Crisis Line is a free solution that connects veterans with a trained counselor 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The service is available to all veterans or anyone who supports a veteran, even if they aren't registered with the VA. You can also use the Veterans Crisis Chat online.

4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Call the helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357) to find treatment services in your area. Their website also has an online treatment locator that can be searched by location. 

5. Health Resources and Services Administration

HRSA works to improve access to healthcare. The HRSA website has information on affordable healthcare, including health centers with sliding fee scales.

We at Abuse Refuge Org (ARO) are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse, including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

Sources

Abuse and mental illness: Is there a connection? The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (2023, July 4). https://www.thehotline.org/resources/abuse-and-mental-illness-is-there-a-connection/#:~:text=Even%20if%20your%20partner%20does,treat%20you%20in%20that%20manner. 

DeAngelis, T. (2021, April 1). Mental illness and violence: Debunking myths, addressing realities. Monitor on Psychology. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/04/ce-mental-illness 

Plumptre, E. (2021, October 29). Mental health effects of different types of abuse. Verywell Mind. ;

Carroll, H. (2016, June). Victimization and serious mental illness. Treatment Advocacy Center. ;

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019, August). Help for mental illnesses. National Institute of Mental Health. ;

THE LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY AND RELIGIOUS ABUSE: TRAUMA UNSEEN

by- Amanda Hildreth

Religious organizations vary in their attitudes towards members of the LGBTQ+ community both in and outside their community. When a member of their religious community comes out, the response can range from full acceptance to total ostracization. 

Many members of the LGBTQ+ community find a sense of well-being and support in affirming religious environments. However, many LGBTQ+ members also encounter negative experiences with religion that impact them long into the future after being a part of a disaffirming religious environment.

Spiritual Abuse and Trauma of the LGBTQ+ Community

Research shows that members of the LGBTQ+ community attending Evangelical Christian community churches are subject to Spiritual Abuse and suffer trauma (Barnes & Meyer, 2013; Cole & Harris, 2017, Gandy-Guedes et al., 2017, Gibbs & Goldbach, 2020). Religious trauma is the result of Spiritual Abuse and is defined as psychological damage resulting from religious messages, beliefs, or experiences (Stone, 2013).

Members of the LGBTQ+ community may experience several forms of spiritual trauma, including (Miriam Geiger, 2023):

• Being outed by parents or a peer to a religious leader without their consent, often with the intention of “saving” them or in hopes that they will change their sexuality or gender identity
• Being told you are responsible for unfortunate events such as sickness or accidents
• Religious-oriented conversion therapy or other interventions aimed at changing someone’s gender identity or sexuality
• Forced to be a part of religious rituals to eliminate someone’s gender identity or sexual orientation
• The belief that if you are LGBTQ+, it means you are possessed by demons or are the devil
• Telling you that you can’t serve in church leadership because of your gender identity
• Religious leaders refusing to officiate your wedding or acknowledge your marriage or relationship

Although the extreme examples of LGBTQ+ spiritual abuse are more visible, it is crucial to acknowledge that many individuals with religious trauma suffer silently for years, sometimes not realizing the effect it has on them (Miriam Geiger, 2023).

Signs of Spiritual Abuse 

There are several signs of Spiritual Abuse including (Change, Inc. St. Louis Counseling, 2015):

• Questions about religious practices or beliefs are viewed as questions against authority
• All-or-nothing thinking
• Inequality against women, people of color, and LGBTQ+ persons
• Withdrawal of outsiders
• Contradictory actions and values
• Signs of confusion and dissent are seen as sinful or unacceptable
• Mental health or physical health issues are denied, regarded as sinful, or that person’s fault
• Religious seekers are guided by fear and shame
• Physical, Sexual, Emotional, or Verbal Abuse from leaders is ignored or condoned

Spiritual Abuse isn’t limited to a specific religion or religious leaders. Any person of any belief or religion is able to perpetrate Spiritual Abuse. Signs of Spiritual Abuse between intimate partners can include when the abusive partner (National Domestic Violence Hotline, 2021):

• Insults the other person's religious or spiritual beliefs
• Prevents the partner from practicing their religion or beliefs
• Uses their partner’s beliefs or religion to manipulate or shame them
• Forces children to be raised in a faith that the other partner doesn’t agree with
• Uses religious texts or beliefs to minimize or rationalize abuse, including Physical, Emotional, Sexual, or Financial

Spiritual Abuse can be difficult to recognize because Victims may not realize they are being abused.

Long-Term Effects of Religious Abuse on LGBTQ+ Individuals

Studies have shown that denial of self and delayed sexual activity has resulted from a conflict between someone’s sexual identity and religious beliefs (Beagan & Hattie 2015; Jones, Power, & Jones, 2022; and Page et al., 2013). Sixty-eight percent of sexual minority individuals who experienced conflict between sexual and religious identity reported significant levels of depression (Subhi & Geelan, 2012). Further, 25% of those in the LGBTQ+ community who experienced conflict between their religious and sexual identity had suicidal ideations, and 29 % attempted suicide (Subhi & Geelan, 2012). 

The majority of Orthodox Jewish gay men had difficulty accepting their sexual identity and got married to hide it, didn’t disclose it to family and friends or the religious community, and engaged in religious rituals to get “rid” of the sin of being gay (Itzhaky & Kissil, 2015). LGBTQ+ youth that are involved in religions that cast negative or rejecting messages about the community have more internalized negative self-messages and a greater challenge in developing their sexual identity (Page et al., 2013). 

Other studies found that microaggressions within the religious community were categorized as a mischaracterization of identity, being viewed as a threat in the religious community, experiencing being outcast from the religious community, and relational distancing. Study participants discussed unconscious and direct microaggressions, and these negative experiences with the church had profound and long-lasting impact on the spiritual and psychological well-being of those who experienced them. They also suffered damage to their spiritual self-concept, and grief was common due to the impairment of relationships and isolation from the community (Hollier et al., 2022).

How To Recover From Religious Abuse

If you or someone you know has experienced Religious Abuse, there are several ways to cope and recover (Powell, 2021).

1. Recognize That Abuse Has Occurred

It may be simple to make excuses for abusers. Realize that what the abuser did was abusive regardless whether they had good intentions or not.

2. Connect to Support and Community

Connect and talk with a trusted family member, friend, or Norm Therapist® about what you have experienced. Look for community groups you can connect with that don’t involve religious beliefs. 

3. Create Healthy Boundaries

Experiencing Religious Abuse may mean that you don’t have healthy boundaries. You may have had your decisions made for you without your consent.

4. Know You Aren’t Alone

It's important to know that you aren’t alone in experiencing Religious Abuse. The ongoing trauma that you experience afterward is not a reflection of your coping skills or your ability to overcome your past.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse, including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References

Barnes, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2013). Religious affiliation, internalized homophobia, and mental health in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(4), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01185.x

Cole, C., & Harris, H. W. (2017). The Lived Experiences of People Who Identify as LGBT Christians: Considerations for Social Work Helping. Social Work and Christianity; Botsford, 44(1/2), 31–52

Gandy-Guedes, M., Havig, K., Natale, A. P., & McLeod, D. A. (2017). Trauma Impacts on LGBTQ People: Implications for Lifespan Development. In M. P. Dentato (Ed.), Social Work Practice with the LGBTQ Community: The Intersection of History, Health, Mental Health, and Policy Factors (pp. 118–137). Oxford University Press

Gibbs, J. J., & Goldbach, J. T. (2020). Religious Identity Dissonance: Understanding How Sexual Minority Adolescents Manage Antihomosexual Religious Messages. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(13), 2189–2213.

A. Stone (2013): Thou shalt not: treating religious trauma and spiritual harm with combined therapy

Group, 37 (4) (2013), pp. 323-337

Geiger, M. (2023, February 6). The impact of religious trauma on LGBTQ people. Miriam Geiger LGBTQ Therapy and Counseling. ;

Recovering from spiritual or religious injury. Change, Inc. St. Louis Counseling . (2022, September 25). https://www.changeincorporated.org/recovering-from-negative-religious-or-spiritual-experiences-counseling/

National Domestic Violence Hotline. (2021, November 8). What is spiritual abuse? The Hotline. ;

Page, M., Lindahl, K., & Malik, N. (2013). The Role of Religion and Stress in Sexual Identity and Mental Health Among LGB Youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 23(4).

Beagan & Hattie (2015). Religion, Spirituality, and LGBTQ Identity Integration, Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 9:2, 92-117, DOI: 10.1080/15538605.2015.1029204

Jones, T. W., Power, J., & Jones, T. M. (2022). Religious trauma and moral injury from LGBTQA+ conversion practices. Social Science & Medicine. Religious trauma and moral injury from LGBTQA+ conversion practices - ScienceDirect

Subhi, N., & Geelan, D. (2012). When Christianity and homosexuality collide, understanding the potential intrapersonal conflict. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1382–1402. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.1080/00918369.2012.724638

Itzhaky, H., & Kissil, K. (2015). 'It’s a Horrible Sin. If They Find Out, I Will Not be Able to Stay’: Orthodox Jewish Gay Men’s Experiences Living in Secrecy. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(5), 621–643. 

Hollier, J., Clifton, S., & Smith-Merry, J. (2022). Mechanisms of religious trauma amongst queer people in Australia’s evangelical churches. CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL. EDSWSS. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-022-00839-x

Powell, A. (2021). Religious trauma syndrome: Examples, symptoms, & 7 Ways to Cope. Choosing Therapy. ;

Recognizing Emotional Abuse In Children

by- Hannah Jagiri

Emotional Abuse in children is a deeply concerning issue that often goes unnoticed, leaving lasting scars on the child's mental and emotional well-being. Unlike Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse is more challenging to recognize, making it imperative for caregivers, parents, educators, and society to identify its signs.

This article aims to shed light on the subtle indicators of Emotional Abuse in children, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and intervention to protect their overall development and mental health. 

What Is Emotional Abuse of Children?

Emotional Abuse is a form of maltreatment that undermines a child's self-worth, emotional stability, and mental health. It can occur within families, schools, or any environment where children are present. This type of abuse may take various forms, including but not limited to constant criticism, humiliation, rejection, neglect, and exposure to family conflicts (Morin, 2022). 

Signs of Emotional Abuse

There are several signs of Emotional Abuse, including (Carey, 2018):

1. Excessive Fear or Anxiety

 Abused children may display excessive fear of authority figures, fear of failure, or fear of being abandoned, often lacking self-confidence and self-assurance.

2. Withdrawal and Isolation

Emotional Abuse can lead to children withdrawing from social interactions, isolating themselves, and avoiding relationships.

3. Sudden Changes in Behavior

Emotional distress may be present when behavior changes dramatically, such as becoming too quiet or displaying aggressive tendencies. 

4. Low Self-Esteem and Self-Blame

Children enduring Emotional Abuse may develop low self-esteem and blame themselves for the mistreatment they experience.

5. Emotional Outbursts

Frequent emotional outbursts or unpredictable mood swings could result from the emotional turmoil they are facing.

The Prevalence Of Emotional Abuse

Emotional Abuse of children is prevalent, with 36.3% worldwide experiencing Emotional Abuse and 18.4% experiencing emotional neglect (Gama et al., 2021). New information from the CDC also shows that since the last year of the pandemic, over half of high school-aged children in the United States reported that they had experienced Emotional Abuse by a parent or other adult living in the home (Chen, 2022). 

Emotional Abuse is also occurring in other parts of the world. Research suggests that 1 in 15 children in the UK has experienced Emotional Abuse (NSPCC Learning, 2021). Childhood Emotional Abuse is being self-reported by a more significant number of adults consisting of about 36% compared to Physical Abuse at 18% or Sexual Abuse ranging from 8-18 percent (Kumari, 2020). 

Conclusion

Recognizing Emotional Abuse in children is a responsibility shared by everyone in society. When we understand the signs and take proactive steps to address emotional mistreatment, we can create a safe and nurturing space for all children to grow and thrive emotionally. Raising awareness about this critical issue is the first step towards protecting our children and ensuring their mental well-being for a brighter future.

We are here to support you on your journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse, including Sexual, Spousal, Physical, Psychological, Narcissistic, Financial,  Self, Elderly, Isolation, Child, Workplace, Religious, Medical, Food, Authority, Educational, Political, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Child Sexual Exploitation, and Sex Trafficking, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can impact the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation. 

Sources:

Morin, A. (2022, March 1). How to Recognize If a Child Is Being Emotionally Abused. Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-is-emotional-child-abuse-4157502

Carey, E. (2018). Emotional and Psychological Abuse in Children. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/child-neglect-and-psychological-abuse

Gama, C. M. F., Portugal, L. C. L., Gonçalves, R. M., Junior, S. de S., Vilete, L. M. P., Mendlowicz, M. V., Figueira, I., Volchan, E., David, I. A., Oliveira, L. de, & Pereira, M. G. (2021, March 17). The invisible scars of emotional abuse: A common and highly harmful form of childhood maltreatment - BMC psychiatry. BioMed Central. https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-021-03134-0 

Chen, K. (2022, April 22). New data shows emotional abuse increased among teens during pandemic - stanford medicine children’s health blog. Healthier, Happy Lives Blog. https://healthier.stanfordchildrens.org/en/data-shows-emotional-abuse-increased-among-teens-during-pandemic/ 

Statistics on emotional abuse. NSPCC Learning. (2021, December). https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/research-resources/statistics-briefings/emotional-abuse 

Kumari, V. (2020, November). Emotional abuse and neglect: Time to focus on prevention and Mental Health Consequences. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7589986/#:~:text=Despite%20difficulties%20in%20recognising%20and,(8%E2%80%9318%25)%2C%20or 

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The Relationship Between Rape Victims And Suicidal Behavior

by- Hannah Jagiri

Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are more frequently diagnosed in sexual assault survivors. Studies have shown that rape victims were 6.2 times more likely to develop PTSD (Kilpatrick, Edmunds, Seymour, 1992). 

Additionally, more than a third of women who have survived rape have thought about suicide at some point, and 13% have actually made an attempt (Kilpatrick, Edmunds, Seymour, 1992).

However, these effects can be prevented if survivors recognize the signs. Before discussing the signs, let’s look at what passive and active suicidal ideation means. 

Passive suicidal ideation occurs when you have thoughts of self-harm without acting on those thoughts, while active suicidal ideation is when you have suicidal thoughts and take action based on those invasive thoughts (Salt Lake Behavioral Health, 2022). 

The Mind Of Victims That Have Suicidal Thoughts

It is common for suicidal individuals to also have intrusive thinking. Suicidal thoughts are characterized by intrusive thinking, where you may feel constantly bombarded throughout the day, regardless of your emotional state (Asmussen, 2020). 

Intruding thoughts are the harsh static that your brain emits, making you aware and frequently anxious or furious when they come to the surface. The trauma that comes with being raped sometimes leaves Victims feeling hopeless and dejected. Without the right kind of help, depression, and suicidal thoughts can start to creep in (Asmussen, 2020). 

Warning Signs To Be Aware Of

Suicidal thoughts are similar to intrusive thoughts, they keep occurring, and they cloud your judgment. If you notice any of these various behaviors, please see a professional immediately or reach out to a Norm Therapist®(Asmussen, 2020).  

Pay attention if you or a loved one are experiencing any of the following:

• Feeling hopeless and seeing life as meaningless 

• Changes in  eating or sleeping habits

• Always alone and isolated

• Feeling detached from people

Proactive Steps For Suicidal Thoughts

If you’ve been through any form of Sexual Assault and you find yourself having suicidal thoughts, follow the steps below to take charge of your life.

• Seek Help: The only way to prevent suicide is by seeking help from a professional or Norm Therapist®. Don’t wait until it gets worse before you seek help.

• Create A Healthy Sleep Schedule: Get a good night’s rest and remove all forms of distractions.

• Eat Healthy Food: What goes into your body is quite important because you need all the nutrients to balance your brain chemicals.

• Self Care: Take long walks or practice yoga.

You deserve to be happy, and your past isn’t a reflection of your future. Take control of your life and overcome  this battle with those who care. You deserve the peace you so desperately desire.

We at Abuse Refuge Org (ARO) are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being through Norm Therapy®. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse, including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References

Kilpatrick, D.G., Edmunds, C.N., & Seymour, A.K. (1992). Rape in America: A report to the nation. Arlington, VA: National Victim Center and the Medical University of South Carolina.

What’s the Difference Between Passive and Active Suicidal Thoughts? (2022, January 5). p/https://saltlakebehavioralhealth.com/blog/whats-the-difference-between-passive-and-active-suicidal-thoughts/ 

Asmussen, M. (2020, December 11). The Effects of Trauma: How Sexual Assault and Suicide are Connected. Victim Service Center Of Central Florida. ;

School Shootings: How To Start Solving The Problem

by- Amanda Hildreth

Many of us can't comprehend how anyone could shoot a child or youth, no matter their age, relationship, or other factors. Survivors of school shootings often suffer from traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression.

One of the most disturbing effects of a school shooting is the feeling of ongoing danger, and the school's climate and sense of community are forever altered.

What Makes School Shootings Different From Other Gun Violence?

School shootings impact children differently than other shootings for a variety of reasons. Due to the connection between teachers and students who have been victims of school shootings, and the loss of trust in the school and its ability to protect them, children exposed to school shootings may suffer more than others.

School shootings have also received increased media coverage, putting many students on edge. Exposure to gun violence in a school setting can also be even more traumatic if it causes intense fear (Lowe and Galea, 2017). 

School shootings are also likely to cause a significantly greater disruption to student learning due to potential teacher turnover, classroom resources, and teaching quality. 

Peer effects in schools are essential ; for example, education  and well-being are influenced by what other  peers do in a class setting, and the adverse impact of a student’s trauma after a school shooting can be amplified due to disruptions from other exposed students (Carrell et al., 2018).

Child-Related Statistics About School Shootings And Gun Violence

Here are some key statistics about gun violence and school shootings related to children.

• Every day 12 children die from gun violence in the United States. Another 32 children are shot and injured daily (Lee, Douglas, & Hemenway, 2022).
  
• Guns are the leading cause of death among children and teens, with 1 in10 deaths being due to gun violence by  someone aged 19 or younger (CDC, 2021).  

• Since Columbine in 1999, over 338,000 students have experienced gun violence at schools across the United States (Cox, Rich, Chong, Trevor, Muyskens, & Ulmanu, 2023).

• More school shootings occurred in 2022 than any other year since Columbine. 

• In 2022, 34 students and staff died, while over 43,000 children experienced gunfire at school (Cox, Rich, Chong, Trevor, Muyskens, & Ulmanu, 2023).

The Long-Term Effects Of School Shootings

Students that experience a school shooting suffer trauma that can create life-long consequences, including adverse  health and educational impacts.

• Students exposed to a school shooting can often lead to poor e educational outcomes. Recent studies found that test scores in Math and English fell dramatically at schools like Sandy Hook and other schools within the district following the attack (Levine & McKnight, 2021).

• School shootings also cause increased absenteeism. After Sandy Hook, chronic absenteeism rose by 3 percent. 

• Studies also suggest that unpleasant  health consequences are a part of school shootings. Antidepressant prescriptions for young adults near school shootings rise after an occurrence (Levine & McKnight, 2021).

• There is also evidence of a long-term increase in mortality rates, including suicide, and accidental deaths among boys who have been a part of school shootings.

• School shootings also create high financial costs for school districts. After a shooting, schools have to increase the money spent on support services and overall security. After a shooting, there is typically an increase of 3.5 percent in spending on support services, and the overall per-student cost increases  by 10 percent (Levine & McKnight, 2021).

Why Violence Is Occurring In The United States

As with most types of behavior, there is a combination of opportunity and inclination. Inclination, in general, has contributions from both nature and nurture. Factors related to nurture may include a decrease in adult supervision and the repetition of violence in movies, cartoons, and video games. These conditions create support for and model  violent behavior. We have made things more challenging  for children and given them less help than before.

“You have to look at it as a psychologization of youth. Who are their parents? Having access to weapons or having access to television and media are both two dynamic issues to deal with”  (Gibson, 2023).

“You can see by the way video games are designed, it does teach children how to plan their attacks, how to aim, how to look at the recoil, but they will definitely find themselves in a set of circumstances where they get to test out, does it really feel like the game?”(Gibson, 2023).

Nature also contributes to a propensity for violence in many ways. One study showed that violent acts were reported in 3.7% of people tested (Swanson, Holzer, Ganju, et al., 2006). The rate of self-reported violent behavior was 2% for those with no psychiatric diagnosis and increased five-fold with schizophrenia.

Substance abuse by itself or any two psychiatric disorders combined was associated with a 10-fold increase. Most violent individuals didn’t have a mental health diagnosis, and the majority of those with mental health issues weren’t violent.  Although most mentally ill individuals aren’t violent, 20% of those in the study with a mental illness or substance use issue included nearly half the violent individuals. (Torrey, 2006).  

How mental illness affects violence differs for each illness. For example, the combination of types of delusions or hallucinations and a lack of insight are associated with the violent behavior of schizophrenia (Junginger, J., 1995).

Medications do reduce the symptoms and potential violent acts. However, when medications are not taken as prescribed and combined with substance use, the risk of violent acts increases (Swartz, Swanson, Hiday, Borum, Wagner, and Burns, 1998).

Identifying and consistently treating mental illnesses that increase the risk of violent acts is just one part of violence prevention.

Understanding Warning Signs Of School Shootings 

Before we can begin to know how to stop school shootings from happening, there are some key factors to know.

• In 4 of 5 school shootings, at least one person knew  the shooter’s plan and didn’t report it (US Department of Education And Secret Service, 2004).

“All an active shooter is a roving ambush. They catch you by surprise in an area that they have already walked and already surveyed. They know where the cover is, they know where the concealment is. They know what angels of attack or coordinated fire they need to have. They know where to shoot and why to shoot there” (Gibson, 2023).

• 93% of school shooters plan their attacks (US Department of Education And Secret Service, 2004). It’s crucial to see the signs and get help.

• Almost all school shooters shared concerning messages or images. More than 75% raised concern from others before  a shooting. In the most documented school shooting cases, bystanders saw the warning signs and never raised concerns to others (US Secret Service, 2020). 

Now that we understand the statistics, here are some signs to look for in potential school shooters:

• Withdrawing from friends or family
• Social isolation
• Bullying, especially if it is towards a certain race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation
• Being irritable, becoming easily angered 
• Showing thoughts of harming themselves or someone else
• Bragging about access to guns
• Making direct threats

How To Stop School Shootings

There are some measures we can take to stop school shootings, including:

• Situational Awareness
• Addressing Gun Culture
• Better Training For Police

“So, what do we need to do to combat this? First, a viscerally connective education, a cultural shift in gun ownership, that culture needs to change as well as the general environment around our children. We need better training for our police officers and our school security” (Gibson, 2023).

What Is Situational Awareness?

Situational awareness is an essential practice to recognize what is normal and what is abnormal given any situation signaling potential danger. When you become more aware, you can assess, identify, report, and avoid threats (Collins, 2022). 

Situational awareness is all about allowing your sixth sense to play a role in your everyday life by:

• Being mindful of your environment and surroundings
• Being mindful of those around you, and anything that could be out of place.
• Assessing actions and activities that could affect you.

“If you are aware of your surroundings and the impact of your surroundings on you, often times you are more careful not only about hurting others but hurting yourself” (Gibson, 2023).

“Once people are situationally aware they know what their options are when it comes to mass shootings” (Gibson, 2023).

The Value Of Situational Awareness In Schools

Situational awareness can be a crucial line of defense against any threat, including school shootings, student self-harm, and more. Even having multiple security officers at the school is no guarantee of protection because they cannot be everywhere. 

Combined with other safety measures, situational awareness can provide an added layer of protection by placing everyone in a security mindset, including administrators, custodial staff, teachers, students, and parents (Collins, 2022).

An aware campus where every student, parent, staff, and teacher is alert can equal thousands of eyes and ears. Ensuring that every person in the school community understands situational awareness and what to do when faced with a threat makes a situation much easier to handle. 

“Remember, the four major principles of an ambush, the very first one is surprise. Surprise is probably the one thing that gets more people killed than anything else. In our society, we aren’t taught to duck, we are taught to look up and stare and pick up our cameras and start filming.” (Gibson, 2023).

Addressing Gun Culture

“We have numbed our society into believing that mass shootings are a traditional understanding of how guns are used in our society. Kids do not possess the level of discernment to interpret the way guns work in our society” (Gibson, 2023).

Studies in several disciplines have explained how complex social, legal, and historical factors have created a culture that favors individual rights over gun control.

Changing gun culture is necessary to change  gun violence in the United States. Changing our gun culture will require the creation of a new narrative that makes gun violence a public health issue and focuses on the consequences of gun violence on the population's health (Abdalla, Keyes, Galea, 2020). 

We can take a few key steps to change the gun culture (Abdalla, Keyes, Galea, 2020): 

1. Taking a multidisciplinary approach to gun violence can help us identify the actions needed to push against our current gun culture. Taking a multidisciplinary approach suggests that addressing gun violence will require addressing the root cause of gun culture. 

2. Public health has little to no choice but to engage with the media to change the discussion of gun violence as a public health emergency rather than a political debate. This framing can be done by collaborating with the media to prevent gun violence research to a broader audience. Changing culture will require more deliberate and sustained campaigns to focus on the human cost of gun violence.

3. Progress will require us to collaborate with allies with similar goals to advance the thought of gun violence as a public health emergency. We can align with institutions that shape the culture in the United States, including churches and movie production companies.

Better Police Training

“Police have to be extra careful when they get there, going in guns blazing is going to get you or many innocent other people killed. So, you have to have a certain kind of way that you attack  these shooters, and it has to be more precise” (Gibson, 2023).

All police responding to a school shooting should be taught to address and eliminate the threat immediately . 

Before Columbine, police believed that a school shooting was a job for SWAT. Police would contain the situation and then contact the SWAT team, which was a mistake. Police now focus on getting resources into the building to stop the threat promptly.  (Police Executive Research Forum, 2014).

It is also crucial for different agencies to receive similar training, including EMS, fire departments, and anyone else who responds to active shooter situations. It is crucial to update tactics as situations change consistently. Everyone must be trained in the same ways that effectively manage active shooter situations (Police Executive Research Forum, 2014).

We at AbuseRefugeOrg (ARO) are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete wellbeing. We bring education and awarness to 21 different types of abuse, including Psychologic Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Workplace Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Elderly Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can impact the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References

Lowe, Sarah R., and Sandro Galea, “The mental health consequences of mass shootings,” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2017, 18 (1), 62–82.

Carrell, Scott E., Mark Hoekstra, and Elira Kuka, “The long-run effects of disruptive peers,” American Economic Review, 2018, 108 (11), 3377–3415.

Lee, L. K., Douglas, K., & Hemenway, D. (2022, April 21). Crossing lines — a change in the leading cause of death among U.S children. The New England Journal Of Medicine. ;

CDC. (2021, February). A Public Health Crisis Decades In The Making: A Review Of 2019 CDC Gun Mortality Data. 

Cox, J. W., Rich, S., Chong, L., Trevor, L., Muyskens, J., & Ulmanu, M. (2023, April 3). More than 352,000 students have experienced gun violence at school since Columbine. The Washington Post. ;

Levine, P. B., & McKnight, R. (2021, January 4). Exposure to a school shooting and subsequent well-being. NBER. ;

Swanson, J. W., Holzer, C. E., Ganju, V. K., & Jono, R. T. (2006, April 1). Violence and Psychiatric Disorder in the Community: Evidence From the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Surveys. Psychiatry Online. https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ps.41.7.761 

Torrey, E. F. (2006, April 1). Violence and Severe Mental Illness: The Effects of Substance Abuse and Nonadherence to Medication. Psychiatry Online. https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ps.45.7.653 

Junginger, J. (1995). Command hallucinations and the prediction of dangerousness. Psychiatric Services, 46(9), 911–914. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.46.9.911

Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Viday, V. A., Borum, R., Wagner, H. R., & Burns, B. J. (1998, February 1). Violence and Severe Mental Illness: The Effects of Substance Abuse and Nonadherence to Medication. The American Journal Of Psychiatry. https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.155.2.226 

UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE AND UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. (2004, June). THE FINAL REPORT AND FINDINGS OF THE SAFE SCHOOL INITIATIVE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF SCHOOL ATTACKS IN THE UNITED STATES. ;

United States Secret Service. (2020, August). Mass Attacks In Public Spaces. United States Secret Service National Threat Assessment Center. ;

Collins, R. (2022, November 7). Situational Awareness: Taking ownership of School Safety. PTA One Voice Blog. ;

Abdalla, S. M., Keyes, K. M., & Galea, S. (2020, October 27). A public health approach to tackling the role of culture in shaping the gun violence epidemic in the United States. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). ;

The police response to active shooter incidents. Police Executive Research Forum. (2014, March). ;

Michael Gibson, Former US Army Special Forces Green Beret & Creator of Norm Therapy. NormTherapy.com. 

An Analysis Of The Movie "Women Talking": The Effects Of Rape And Abuse

by- Hannah Jagiri

The movie "Women Talking" is centered around a group of women who have been constantly raped and abused by men in their community . The movie opens with a group of women that find out that the bruises on their thighs and semen they've been waking up to haven't been caused by Satan, demons, or wild female imagination like they have been led to believe but by the men of their colony. They face the dilemma of staying, doing nothing, or leaving. Rape and Domestic Abuse can cause deep-seated psychological and physical trauma. 

Throughout the movie, we can see the effects of rape and abuse on the women as some of the women begin showing the classic signs of PTSD.

The Effects Of Rape And Domestic Violence

There is no singular response to abuse. People respond differently, and just because not all Victims of abuse and Domestic Violence respond the same way doesn't make light of the situation. Below are examples of the effects of rape and Domestic Abuse.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

In the movie, all the women show signs of severe PTSD. Still, notable mention is Mejal, who experiences extreme panic attacks from the constant rape she has endured . 

One of the symptoms of PTSD is unexplained outbursts. Salome and Mariche cannot  contain their rage because of the pent-up feelings inside them. They constantly throw a fit whenever they want to express themselves, almost as if they have no control over their emotions.

Flashbacks

Victims of Sexual and Domestic Abuse often get flashbacks of their trauma, which hinders them from functioning at an optimal level. The movie employs a unique literary technique to not just show the flashbacks of the women's traumas but alsohow how reliving the trauma impacts  them.

The Feeling Of Being Powerless

Some of the women in the colony felt powerless and even chose to stay and do nothing. This is how abusers gain total control over their Victims. They make them feel like there is no way out of the situation and that trying to make any move against their abusers will be futile.

Aside from the psychological effects, physical trauma is displayed  on the women's bodies in various ways. We witness bruised thighs, lost teeth from Domestic Abuse, and black eyes from a drunk, abusive husband.

There are also instances of recurring panic attacks and other unexpected consequences of the men's actions. Ona is pregnant and  forced to become a mother, while Salome endures a day and a half of travel to get her four-year-old daughter antibiotics. 

In the same way that the physical impact differs from woman to woman, so do each of these women's responses. Seething with rage, Salome tries to kill one of the men, while Ona is left with so many profound questions. Mariche, whose husband is an abuser, has accepted what she feels is her reality. 

Women Talking touches on various societal issues while  shedding light on how people respond differently to abuse and where is one abuse, there are almost always several. 

There are so many abuses to be aware of and Abuse Refuge Org (ARO) supports Victims of Abuse and seeks to educate. 

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse, including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Political Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Exploitation, and Sex Trafficking and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can impact  the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References

Gluck, S. (2021, December 17). Effects of Rape: Psychological and Physical Effects of Rape, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2023, April 19 from

https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/rape/effects-of-rape-psychological-and-physical-effects-of-rape

Santiago, J. M., McCall-Perez, F., Gorcey, M., & Beigel, A. (1985).

Long-term psychological effects of rape in 35 rape victims.

The American Journal of Psychiatry, 142 (11), 1338–1340. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.142.11.1338

Sex Trafficking: Erase The Stigma

by- Amanda Hildreth

Human trafficking is one of the most devastating human rights violations happening in the modern world. Every 30 seconds a person or child is trafficked,3.8 million adults are trafficked and forced into sexual exploitation, and one million children are trafficked for forced sexual exploitation every year (Safe Horizon, 2022).

What Is Sex Trafficking And How Does It Happen?

Sex Trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, obtaining, harboring, or soliciting of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act that is induced by force or coercion (Laboratory To Combat Human Trafficking, 2023). 

When a person is sex trafficked they are recruited, isolated and transported and then forced into sexual exploitation. There are several parts of how Sex Trafficking happens, including (The Canadian Centre To End Human Trafficking, 2020):

• Recruitment: Sex traffickers approach victims in several ways including pretending to be a potential friend or boyfriend, contacting them over social media, posting ads for jobs, or threatening or kidnapping them. They often use false promises such as money, work or education opportunities, and more.

• Traffickers often prey on Victims that are looking for a better life, an opportunity, or a relationship. 

• Transportation And Isolation: Victims are often moved around by traffickers both to isolate them from people they know and areas that are familiar. Victims are often moved from hotel to hotel and from one location to another location. 

• Exploitation: Exploitation is the critical element of Sex Trafficking when the Victim is forced into sexual exploitation by having them fear for their safety or the safety of someone they know.

• Traffickers will often use intimidation, violence, or deception to influence Victims and manipulate them to do what they want.

How Does Sex Trafficking Happen With Children?

What people typically envision when they think of a child being sex trafficked involves stories of children being kidnapped by strangers and forced into trafficking, however a study found that fewer than 10 percent of child Sex Trafficking cases involved kidnapping (Kotrla, Wommack, 2011). 

Sex traffickers tend to prey on people who are socially or economically vulnerable such as children living in poverty and those who have experienced Sexual or Physical Abuse, or addiction. They act as a friend to the child offering gifts, meals, or someone to talk to. In certain cases, traffickers may also use another child to recruit Victims through public places, online, job opportunities and more (Polaris, 2020).

Using these different methods, the trafficker becomes someone that the Victim grows to trust, so traffickers don’t need to kidnap their Victims, as they can easily convince them to follow willingly. This can later lead Victims to feel self-blame, shame and guilt when they later try to escape their traffickers. 

It is also common for parents or family members to sell children into Sex Trafficking for drugs, money or something else they value. 

Men,Boys, And Sex Trafficking

Most often when people think of Sex Trafficking, females are viewed as the most common Victims with the trafficker being a male, however men and boys are Victims of Sex Trafficking as well. Sex Trafficking affects all genders. 

In 2016, boys made up 36% of Sex Trafficking Victims in the United States (Swaner, Labriola, Rempel, Walker, Spadafore, 2016). In 2020, 78% of reports of online solicitation involved girls and 15% involved boys (National Center For Missing And Exploited Children, 2023). The range of these estimates is due to underreporting and stigma. 

The Stigma With Males And Sex Trafficking

Based on research, informants asserted that law enforcement has very little understanding of sexually exploited boys and men (ECPAT-USA, 2008). 

Many officers see males found in trafficking stings as sex addicts or just doing it for the money. These views prevent males from being identified as Victims and being assessed for sexual exploitation. There is a stigma that males should be strong enough to fight off a trafficker so they can’t be Victims. Sometimes these men are also considered to be gay instead of trafficked (Fight The New Drug, 2023). 

Why Sex Trafficking Happens

Sex Trafficking continues to happen for a number of reasons, including (National Human Trafficking Hotline, 2023):

1. Low Risk: Traffickers believe there is little risk compared to the consequences. Although there have been penalties in recent years, traffickers believe the high profit of trafficking is worth the risk. Low risk can be increased by ineffective laws, lack of investigation, missing resources for Victim recovery, lack of training, and low community awareness.

2. High Profit: When individuals buy commercial sex, a market is created that makes it profitable for traffickers to exploit Victims. 

If left unchecked, trafficking will continue in an environment where a trafficker can make substantial money with low risk.

What Can We Do To Prevent Sex Trafficking?

Sex Trafficking is preventable and there are a number of things you can do if you feel that a person is being sex trafficked, including (Office On Trafficking In Persons, 2023): 

1. Know The Signs Of Sex Trafficking

It is important to know the indicators of Sex Trafficking, which can include (National Human Trafficking Hotline, 2023):

• Not wanting to engage in commercial sex but being  pressured into it.
• Liveing where they work or are transported by guards between the home and workplace.
• Wanting to stop  commercial sex but expressed being  scared or unable to leave the situation.
• A child that lives with a dependent that has an abuse or substance abuse problem.
• Working in an industry where it can become common to be pressured into performing sex acts for money such as an illicit massage business, strip clubs, etc.
• A controlling parent, guardian or partner that won’t allow them to meet with anyone alone or monitors their communications, movements, and spending. 

2. Report A Tip

Contact the National Human Trafficking Hotline by calling 1-888-373-7888 or text HELP to BEFREE (233733). 

3. Raise Awareness

Share Sex Trafficking awareness resources in your community from sources such as the National Human Trafficking Hotline.

4. Volunteer

Volunteer at a local anti-trafficking organization in your community or for Abuse Refuge Org. Ask if there is any way you could provide support byorganizing events or just raising awareness.

5. Train

Register for training through the National Human Trafficking Training and Technical Assistance Center. Their training helps professionals to identify and address the needs of Victims affected by trafficking.

6. Put Your Skills To Use

Use your everyday work skills to prevent trafficking. For example, if you work in a school, suggest anti-trafficking protocols, if you work in a hospital, learn about the proper response to trafficking and share with your coworkers, etc. 

7. Contact Representatives

Contact your local representatives and ask them how they are addressing trafficking. Make them aware of the needs of your community. 

We at Abuse Refuge Org (ARO) are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse including Sexual Abuse, Spousal Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Narcissistic Abuse, Financial Abuse, Self Abuse, Elderly Abuse, Isolation Abuse, Child Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying,  Workplace Abuse, Religious Abuse, Medical Abuse, Food Abuse, Authority Abuse, Educational Abuse, Child Sexual Explotation, Sex Trafficking, and Political Abuse and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References

Human trafficking statistics & facts. Safe Horizon. (2022, August 11). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.safehorizon.org/get-informed/human-trafficking-statistics-facts/#statistics-and-facts/ 

Human trafficking – labor trafficking colorado. Laboratory to Combat Human Trafficking. (2023, January 6). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://combathumantrafficking.org/about-human-trafficking/?gclid=CjwKCAjw3POhBhBQEiwAqTCuBkme4CpxEK8G1dFHrxe09A8NmoQJeiQRB7Cb4xPyo_wxS4ka2gIUsBoCRB8QAvD_BwE#1591200766938-668893a7-bbc8 

The Canadian Centre to End Human trafficking. The Canadian Centre To End Human Trafficking. (2020). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from ;

Kotrla, Kimberly and Wommack, Beth Ann (2011) "Sex Trafficking of Minors in the U.S.: Implications for Policy, Prevention and Research," Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 5. Available at: http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol2/iss1/5

What we know about how child Sex Trafficking happens. Polaris. (2020, August 28). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from ;

Sawner, R., Labriola, M., Rempel, M., Walker, A., & Spadafore, J. (2016, June). Home | Office of Justice Programs. Youth Involvement in the Sex Trade: A National Study . Retrieved April 17, 2023, from ;

Child sexual abuse material. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. (2023). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from ;

ECPAT-USA. (2008). And boys too - static1.squarespace.com. And Boys Too. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/594970e91b631b3571be12e2/t/5977b2dacd0f688b2b89e6f0/1501016795183/ECPAT-USA_AndBoysToo.pdf 

Did you know men and boys can be victims of Sex Trafficking, too? Fight the New Drug. (2023). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from ;

Human trafficking. National Human Trafficking Hotline. (2023). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/type-trafficking/human-trafficking#:~:text=Instead%2C%20human%20trafficking%20is%20fueled,profit%20from%20the%20existing%20demand. 

Office On Trafficking In Persons. (2023). 10 ways you can help end trafficking. The Administration for Children and Families. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from ;

Recognizing the signs. National Human Trafficking Hotline. (2023). Retrieved April 17, 2023, from ;

The effects of Domestic Violence Against Women

by- Hannah Jagiri

We all know Domestic Violence against women is wrong, but do we really know the long-term effects of Domestic Violence on women? The negative consequences include impairment to a person’s health, long-term damage to children, and harm to communities like job loss and homelessness. A mental health problem like depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more likely to strike women who have experienced abuse or other trauma.

Long-Term Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women

Nearly 4,774,000 women in the United States experience Domestic Violence by an intimate partner every year (LiveYourDream.Org, 2019).

Physically, the effect of Domestic Violence against women ranges from a trip to the ER, and sometimes women who have been severely beaten are often treated for loss of consciousness as a result of this vile act. Two out of three patients were assaulted by their current spouses, nine% were abused by a former spouse, and 12% were assaulted by someone they were dating (Hatch, Grunfeld, Mackay, Cowan, 1999).

Women who were abused by a former or current partner experienced severe violence, with 81%being kicked, bitten, or hit, 60% being pushed, grabbed, or shoved, 55%being threatened, and 30% being choked (Hatch, Grunfeld, Mackay, Cowan, 1999).

A mental health problem like depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more likely to strike women who have experienced abuse or other trauma.

Gleason discovered that battered women had a considerably greater frequency of severe depression than those in the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area study using psychiatric diagnostic techniques. In the same study, severe depression was more common (63%) than post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which was identified in 40% of participants (W.J. Gleason, 1993).

In contrast, depression in women as a whole is predicted to have a prevalence of 9.3% and a lifetime risk of 20% to 25%. The number of guidelines for treating depression in primary care settings is rising. Yet it hasn’t always been understood that depression and Domestic Violence need to be assessed for and treated if necessary (W.J Gleason, 1993).

Lastly, women who have been Physically Abused have been reported to suffer from severe PTSD and Substance Abuse. There are so many long-term effects of violence. If you feel your life is being threatened by your partner or you are being abused, seek help immediately. The pain you’d feel leaving is nothing compared to the damage that would be done to you.

We at AbuseRefugeOrg (ARO) are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete wellbeing. We bring awareness and education to thirteen different types of abuse to help others heal and find peace. If you would like to learn more and donate to help others find refuge, please visit GoARO.org.

References

Domestic Violence Facts And Figures. Domestic Violence Facts and Figures. (2019). Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://act.liveyourdream.org/domestic-violence-facts-and-figures-cpc/

Hotich, D., Grunfeld, A. F., Mackay, K., & Cowan, L. (1999, March 2). An emergency department-based domestic violence intervention program: Findings after One Year. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0736467995020519

Gleason, W. J. (1993). Mental disorders in battered women: An empirical study. Violence and victims. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8292565/

The effects of Domestic Violence On Children: Unseen Victims

by- Amanda Hildreth

Every year, as many as ten million children and teenagers witness Domestic Violence between their parents or caregivers. The US Department of Justice defines Domestic Violence as a pattern of abusive behavior in a relationship that is performed by one partner to gain or keep power over the other partner. Domestic Violence can include Physical, Sexual, Psychological, and Verbal Abuse (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2019).

Parents or caregivers in a violent relationship might think that Domestic Violence doesn’t affect their children. Even children who don’t see Domestic Violence happen are affected by conflict. Children can develop severe emotional and behavioral issues as a part of this conflict.

How Domestic Violence Affects Children

Around 10 million people are affected by Domestic Abuse every year, and when we consider children, that number only grows. As of 2010, 1 in 15 children were exposed to domestic Violence, and 1 in 3 children also experienced violence themselves (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2023).

The effects of Domestic Abuse on a child may appear within a short period of time, and other damages may occur long term. Some of the immediate effects include:

Anxiety

Children who have witnessed domestic violence are constantly on edge and can live in a state of constant anxiety (Office on Women’s Health, 2023).

For preschool-aged children, exposure to Intimate Partner Violence may cause them to revert to younger habits such as thumb sucking, bedwetting, whining, and increased crying.

School-aged children can develop antisocial traits, guilt over the witnessed abuse, and self-esteem issues.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

One of the most traumatizing effects of Domestic Violence is the ability to cause PTSD in children. Domestic Violence can cause dangerous changes in the brain of a developing child, including nightmares, sleep pattern changes, irritability, anger, difficulty concentrating, and more (Tsavoussis, Stawicki, Stoicea, Papadimos, 2014).

Physical Issues

Mental health strain is a common result of witnessing Intimate Partner Violence by their parents, and these consequences can sometimes become apparent in the child’s physical well-being.

School-aged children may experience headaches and stomach pains from witnessing abuse. With infants, there is a higher risk of experiencing physical injuries following abuse by the parent or caregiver (Stiles, 2002).

Aggressive Behavior

When adolescents are exposed to Domestic Abuse, they usually act out as a reaction to the situation. They may begin to skip school, engage in fights, engage in risky sexual activities, or begin to use drugs and alcohol. Teenagers in these situations are also likely to get in trouble with law enforcement (Stiles, 2002).

Physical Abuse

In many situations like this, children that live in households where Intimate Partner Violence occurs are also likely to experience Physical Abuse. An abusive partner can quickly become an abusive parent who physically, verbally, or emotionally harms the children (Moylan, Herrenkohl, Sousa, Tajima, Herrenkohl, Russo, 2010).

Long-Term Consequences Of Exposure To Domestic Violence

Children that grow up experiencing exposure to Domestic Abuse are likely to deal with long-term effects that last into adulthood. Some of these long-term effects include:

Depression

An anxious child raised in an abusive household can grow into a depressed adult. Continually witnessing Domestic Violence puts children at a higher risk of developing sadness, concentration problems, and depression into adulthood.

Health Issues

In certain cases, illnesses such as heart disease, obesity, and diabetes in adulthood have direct links to Physical, Emotional, and Verbal Abuse that a child was a witness to or subjected to that abuse (Monnat, Chandler, 2015).

Repeating Abusive Patterns

Witnessing Domestic Violence doesn’t guarantee that children will take a different path for themselves. In some instances, childhood exposure to abuse sets the stage for children to take that same path into adulthood.

In some instances, male children may cause Physical Abuse against their partners after watching their fathers abuse their mothers. Women who reside in homes that are exposed to Domestic Abuse are more likely to be sexually assaulted by their own partners into adulthood (Office on Women’s Health, 2023).

Protecting Children From Domestic Abuse

Now that we know that Domestic Abuse can have lasting effects on children into adulthood, it is vital to protect them from abuse. Here are some ways to protect children from Domestic Abuse (VeryWellMind, 2021).

Make Safety A Priority

One of the most essential ways to protect a child is for a Victim to receive the support to leave the abusive environment; children are saved from further exposure to violence and given the opportunity to grow up in a healthier environment.

Teach Children Healthy Relationship Interactions

When children have an unhealthy view of romantic relationships, talking to children about healthy interactions between partners can help with managing the damage caused by witnessing Domestic Abuse.

Children should be shown healthy ways to resolve disputes in relationships. It is also essential that they learn ways that parameters can relate to each other and share with them why violence doesn’t have a place in relationships.

Educate Children About Boundaries

Another way to deal with the damage caused by Domestic Abuse is to teach children healthy boundaries. Teaching children about autonomy is a valuable step. Children also need to be taught to tell a trusted adult if anyone is making them uncomfortable.

We at Abuse Refuge Org (ARO) are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to thirteen different types of abuse and help others heal and find peace. If you would like to learn more and donate to help others find refuge, please visit GoARO.org.

References

Aacap. (2019, May). Domestic Violence and Children. Domestic violence and children. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Helping-Children-Exposed-to-Domestic-Violence-109.aspx

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2015). Domestic Violence & Children. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/2497/children_and_dv.pdf

Office On Women’s Health. (2021, February 15). Effects of domestic violence on children. Effects of domestic violence on children | Office on Women’s Health. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/domestic-violence/effects-domestic-violence-children

Tsavoussis, A., Stawicki, S. P. A., Stoicea, N., & Papadimos, T. J. (2014, October 10). Child-witnessed domestic violence and its adverse effects on brain development: A call for societal self-examination and Awareness. Frontiers in public health. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193214/

Stiles, M. M. (2002, December 1). Witnessing domestic violence: The effect on children. American Family Physician. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1201/p2052.html

Moylan, C. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2010, January). The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of family violence. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872483/

Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015, September). Long term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. The Sociological quarterly. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617302/

Plumptre, E. (2021, November 17). How witnessing domestic violence affects children. Verywell Mind. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.verywellmind.com/the-impact-of-domestic-violence-on-children-5207940#citation-1

The Overturn Of Roe Vs. Wade: Unforeseen Consequences

By: Amanda Hildreth

The elimination of Roe v. Wade has been devastating to many people in the United States, not just those who need access to safe abortions. The overturn has also affected unforeseen secondary groups, such as people of color and people with disabilities. 

The overturn of Roe v. Wade isn't simply about abortions, it is greatly affecting healthcare as a whole. 

What Is Roe Vs. Wade?

Roe vs. Wade is the United States Supreme Court case that legalized abortion in 1973. From the beginning, Roe vs. Wade was flawed. It only certified that people had the right to abortion but didn't protect access to abortion (Center For Reproductive Rights, 2022).  

How Roe V. Wade Was Overturned

On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court oversaw a decision in the case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which challenged a Mississippi ban on abortion at 15 weeks gestation. The ruling then overturned Roe v. Wade and ended the federal constitutional right to abortion within the United States (Center For Reproductive Rights, 2022). 

One in three women now lives in states where they can't access abortion. Within six months after the overturn, 24 states banned or highly restricted abortion. These bans have caused harm to Black, Latino, Indigenous, and other people of color, where systematic racism has often blocked access to healthcare opportunities (Nash, E., & Guarnieri, I., 2023). 

How New Laws Prevent Proper Treatment

New laws after the overturn have complicated the proper treatment of several conditions, including (Washburn, 2022):

• Treatments for miscarriages are the same used to induce abortions. Some pharmacists won't fill these prescriptions. 
• Ectopic pregnancy is the most common cause of death in the first trimester of pregnancy. Without proper treatment, women can die or become infertile. Some laws prevent proper treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
• Abortion is sometimes needed to resolve fatal preeclampsia in pregnancy.
• Premature rupture of the membranes can occur in pregnancy past the abortion deadline and now can't be treated until sepsis develops. 
• Pregnant cancer patients don't have the option of aborting a baby before cancer treatment can have a negative effect.
• States with strict laws on abortion don't include exemptions for several fetal abnormalities which can't be detected until 20 weeks, which is long past many abortion deadlines.

How The Overturn Has Affected Disabled People

Due to the overturn of Roe v. Wade, disabled people no longer have access to certain medications they rely on, for example, Methotrexate. Methotrexate is typically used for the treatment of chronic illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (Barcus, 2022). 

Those living with these chronic conditions suffer from crippling pain and rely on these medications for daily function. Besides not having access to medications for managing their disabilities, those with disabilities are also more likely to have complications during pregnancy. 

People living with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome are nine times more likely to have complications during pregnancy, which can result in death (Karthikeyan, Venkat-Raman, 2018).

How The Overturn Has Affected Foster Youth

Foster youth live in environments with little control over their bodies and lives, with foster homes providing restricted access to healthcare. It also isn't uncommon for a foster home to deny placement for youth if they don't agree to take birth control, and access to healthcare is reliant on the level of engagement of the foster parents (Barcus, 2022). 

How The Overturn May Affect The Economy

Women are an essential part of the workforce, and caregivers are essential to the economy. The overturn can impact women's ability to take care of themselves and their children. 

Sixty percent of women in the United States who have abortions are already mothers, and one-third of the women seeking an abortion state their reason for wanting an abortion is to care for the children they already have (Foster, Rifman, Gipson, Rocca, and Biggs, 2018).

Here are some of the ways that the overturn of Roe v. Wade may impact the economy and society:

• Decreased Workforce Participation: Due to the fact that women have the majority of caregiving duties contributes to the fact that 43% of working mothers leave their careers at some point (Hewlett and Luce, 2005). Women lose an average of 37% of their earning potential when they spend three or more years outside of the workforce.

• Decreased Earning Potential: While young women are beginning to close the wage gap, any gains that were made are reduced once they have children, and their wages drop due to bias, discrimination, and lack of support. 

Data shows that mothers working full-time all year outside the home are paid 75 cents to the dollar compared to fathers. The gap also becomes bigger based on race and ethnicity, with Latina mothers being paid 46 cents versus every dollar paid to white, non-Hispanic fathers, Native American mothers being paid 50 cents, and Black mothers being paid 52 cents to the dollar (Corbett, 2021). 

• Negative Impact On Children's Financial Status: The lack of access to abortion can also impact the financial wellbeing of children. A study found that children born as a result of the mother being denied abortion access were more prone to live below the poverty level than children born from pregnancy after the women had received an abortion (Ansirh, 2023).

• Negative Impact On Equality: Access to abortion can also impact gender and racial equality by allowing women to choose when to become parents, which gives them greater control over their careers, education, and financial security. A brief reported that legalized abortion reduced teen motherhood by 34% and teen marriage by 20% (Supreme Court Of The United States, 2021). 

For Black women who have a higher rate of pregnancy mortality, the reduction in the birth rate was two to three times greater than for white women. Black women also experienced a 2840% decline in pregnancy mortality with legalization (Supreme Court Of The United States, 2021).

Americans Approve Of Abortion Rights

Abortion is both familiar and accepted in the United States. There is a large amount of data to prove that Americans support abortion rights, including:

• The overturn of Roe v. Wade was unpopular as 85% of Americans think that abortion should be legal (Brenan, 2021). 
• Regardless of age, education level, or background, the majority of people supported Roe before the overturn (Benen, 2021). 
• Around 1 in 4 women in the United States will have an abortion by 45 (Guttmacher Institute, 2019). 
• Reproductive rights champions in states all over the US have worked to protect and expand access to abortion for decades (Berg, 2022). 

How You Can Help Others With Access To Resources

Here are some specific actions you can take to help those seeking abortion care (Diamondstein, 2022):

1. Donate To Abortion Funds: These funds directly support people seeking abortion care, including financial and practical support such as translation, lodging, or transportation.

2.  Donate To Independent Clinics: Donate funds to a small community-based abortion clinic to provide the community with access to abortion and other essential reproductive health services.

3.  Speak Up: Speak to your friends, family, colleagues, and community leaders to explain why the right to abortion is essential to communities and a person's future. 

4.  Lawmakers Stance: Research where your lawmakers stand on abortion rights and urge them to act and protect abortion rights and access through laws.

5.  Contact Congress: Tell Congress to protect abortion access in every state. Passing the Women's Health Protection Act would protect abortion access from state-level bans and restrictions, despite the overturn.

We at Abuse Refuge Org (ARO) are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 21 different types of abuse, including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, Workplace, Religious, Medical, Food, Authority, Educational, Child Sexual Exploitation, Sex Trafficking, Political by helping others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References

Center for Reproductive Rights. (2022, December 8). Roe v. Wade. Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Nash, E., & Guarnieri, I. (2023, February 8). Six Months post-roe, 24 U.S. states have banned abortion or are likely to do so: A roundup. Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Washburn, L. (2022, September 17). Roe v. Wade and unintended consequences. The Spectrum. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Barcus, A. (2022, August 16). Roe v. Wade: Unintended Consequences. The Imprint. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://imprintnews.org/youth-voice/roe-v-wade-unintended-consequences/66554?gclid=CjwKCAjw_MqgBhAGEiwAnYOAevoCgmwQMEHBLqM64_IjohpfX8WrYKvGDZl-wBXv3yRSybEqspAqfxoCvUoQAvD_BwE 

Karthikeyan, A., & Venkat-Raman, N. (2018, September). Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and pregnancy. Obstetric medicine. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Foster, D. G., Raifman, S. E., Gipson, J. D., Rocca, C. H., & Biggs, M. A. (2018, October 30). Effects of Carrying an Unwanted Pregnancy to Term on Women's Existing Children. The Journal Of Pediatrics. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Hewlett, S. A., & Luce, C. B. (2005, March). Off-ramps and on-ramps: Keeping talented women on the road to Success. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://hbr.org/2005/03/off-ramps-and-on-ramps-keeping-talented-women-on-the-road-to-success 

Corbett, H. (2021, May 5). Mother's equal pay Day 2021: Women lost $800 billion last year. Forbes. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/hollycorbett/2021/05/04/mothers-equal-pay-day-2021-women-lost-800-billion-last-year/?sh=31787765ea6f 

University of California San Francisco. (2023). The harms of denying a woman a wanted abortion - ANSIRH. The Harms of Denying a Woman a Wanted Abortion Findings from the Turnaway Study. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Supreme Court Of The United States. (2021, September 20). Supreme Court of the United States - Keker, van nest & peters LLP. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ' %20Brief%20-%20Dobbs%20v_%20JWH.pdf 

Brenan, M. (2022, January 11). Record-high 47% in U.S. think abortion is morally acceptable. Gallup.com. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Benen, S. (2021, November 16). Why the new polling on abortion rights and Roe V. Wade Matters. MSNBC. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Induced abortion in the United States. Guttmacher Institute. (2019, September). Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Berg, M. (2022, January 21).  Amid threats to Roe v. Wade, some states are expanding access to abortion. Planned Parenthood Action Fund. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

Diamondstein, M. (2022, July 5). Seven things you can do right now for abortion rights. Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from ;

The effects of emotional Abuse On Children: A Lifelong Problem

by- Amanda Hildreth

One of the most common types of Child Abuse is Emotional Abuse, which occurs when a caregiver engages in actions or behavior that have a negative impact on the child’s well-being. While this type of abuse may not produce injuries or scars like Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse can be just as devastating to a child’s development and lead to lifelong problems. 

What Is Child Emotional Abuse?

Child Emotional Abuse may include insulting the child, name-calling, threatening violence, subjecting children to the Emotional Abuse of others, and encouraging the use of drugs and alcohol in children.

Child Emotional Abuse can also include humiliation of the child when they fail at a task, neglecting their needs, or showing indifference to their needs. Child Emotional Abuse can happen in all categories within families, but abuse is more likely to occur in families suffering from financial issues, single parents, families going through a divorce, or families where there is substance abuse happening (Child Crime and Prevention Safety Center, 2022).

There are six types of Emotional Abuse of children (Child Crime and Prevention Safety Center, 2022):

1. Rejection: Communicating to children using words and conduct that they are unwanted or worthless.
2. Ignoring:  Ignoring a child by withholding affection or showing little or no interest in the child and their well-being. 
3. Threatening: Using threats towards children.
4. Isolating: Preventing a child from engaging in activities with friends or keeping them away from human contact.
5. Corrupting: Exposing a child to inappropriate things, including drugs, alcohol, criminal behavior, or unwanted sexual conduct.  
6. Exploiting:  Manipulating a child into an activity without considering the child’s development.

Signs Of Emotional Abuse In Children

There aren’t any obvious signs of Emotional Abuse in children, and a child may not tell anyone what is going on. This is why it is crucial to keep an eye on a child’s behavior. As children grow, their emotions change, making it difficult to assess if they are experiencing abuse.

The signs of Emotional Abuse can differ between children of different ages. 

Indicators Of Emotional Abuse In Babies And Toddlers

Babies and preschool-aged children who are being emotionally abused may show the following signs (NSPCC, 2023):

• Being overly affectionate with people they don’t know very well
• Seeming anxious or wary
• Not having a close relationship with their parents or caregiver
• Being aggressive toward animals and other children

Older children who are being emotionally abused may show the following signs (NSPCC, 2023): 

• Using inappropriate language for their age
• Knowing things you wouldn’t expect them to know at their age
• Struggling to control emotions
• Having extreme outbursts
• Isolated from their parents or caregivers
• Lacking social skills
• Having no friends or only a few

How Emotional Abuse Alters Children’s Brain Structure

As children grow, their brains rapidly develop. Negative experiences such as abuse can cause disruptions in development and lead to changes in the brain. Research also suggests that the timing and duration of Emotional Abuse can affect children later in life (Lippard and Nemeroff, 2019). 

Research and studies show apparent differences in nine brain locations between children who experienced Childhood Abuse and those who hadn’t. The most significant changes were in regions that balance emotions and impulses. Children who have been through Emotional Abuse also have a heightened risk of developing mental health problems in their lifetime (Teicher, Anderson, Ohashi, and Polcari, 2013).

Emotional Abuse in children has been known to increase the risk of major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, PTSD, and psychosis. Emotional Abuse may also lead to a high risk of substance abuse as a result of brain changes (Teicher, Anderson, Ohashi, and Polcari, 2013).

Effects Of Emotional Abuse On Behavior, Social Function, And Emotions 

Due to the fact that Emotional Abuse changes the brain structure of children, it can also affect their behavior, emotional regulation, and social function. Potential effects include:

• Consistently being on alert and unable to relax
• Feeling fearful almost all of the time
• Finding social situations more difficult than others
• Learning problems 
• Not meeting developmental milestones
• Increased chance of developing a mental health condition
• An inability to handle positive feedback

These effects can happen into adulthood if they go unaddressed. Adults who experience Emotional Abuse may also have trouble with relationships or may avoid them altogether (Taillieu, Brownridge, Sareen, and Afifi, 2016). 

Adults who experienced childhood Emotional Abuse may also have (Taillieu, Brownridge, Sareen, and Afifi, 2016):

• Emotional dysregulation 
• Issues with feelings of hopelessness
• Lower self-esteem
• Negative thoughts
• Problems coping with stress

What To Do If A Child Reveals Emotional Abuse

A child experiencing Emotional Abuse may not realize that what is happening to them is wrong or unusual. They may also blame themselves. If a child discloses abuse, it is crucial to (NSPCC, 2023): 

• Assure them they have done the right thing by telling you 
• Assure them it isn’t their fault
• Listen carefully to what they say
• Let them know that you take what they’ve said seriously
• Explain to the child what you will do next
• Report the abuse as soon as possible

Treatment For Emotional Abuse Of Children

Parents that emotionally abuse their children may have also experienced the same abuse as children. Child treatment for Emotional Abuse is essential for parents and children in these situations. 

If Physical or Sexual Abuse is also suspected or the Emotional Abuse is very severe, the safety of the child is crucial. Treatment can begin after the safety of the child is secured. For children who have experienced Emotional Abuse, therapy from a child psychologist helps the child (WebMD,2021): 

• To learn how to trust
• By showing healthy behavior and relationships
• Learnhow to manage stressors and conflict 
• Boost self-esteem and establish self-worth

We at Abuse Refuge Org (ARO) are here to support you in your individual healing journey toward complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to thirteen different types of abuse and help others heal and find peace. If you would like to learn more and donate to help others find refuge, please visit GoARO.org.

References 

Kids and emotional / psychological abuse. Child Crime Prevention & Safety Center. (n.d.). Retrieved February 3, 2023, from https://childsafety.losangelescriminallawyer.pro/kids-and-emotional-psychological-abuse.html#:~:text=Children%20who%20experience%20chronic%20emotional,attachment%20problems%20and%20substance%20abuse. 

Nspcc. (n.d.). Emotional abuse. NSPCC. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from ;

Lippard, E. T. C., & Nemeroff , C. B. (2019, September 20). The devastating clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect ... The Devastating Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect: Increased Disease Vulnerability and Poor Treatment Response in Mood Disorders. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020 

Teicher, M. H., Anderson, C. M., Ohashi, K., & Polcari, A. (2013, October 28). Childhood maltreatment: Altered network centrality of cingulate, precuneus, temporal pole and Insula. Biological Psychiatry. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from ;

Taillieu, T. L., Brownridge, D. A., Sareen, J., & Afifi, T. O. (2016, August 1). Childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders: Results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States. Child Abuse & Neglect. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from ;

WebMD. (n.d.). Emotional abuse: How does it impact children? WebMD. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/children/what-to-know-about-child-emotional-abuse 

How To Identify And Handle Workplace Bullying

by- Hannah Jagiri

Workplace Bullying is the repeated mistreatment of an employee in the workplace. Workplace Bullying can come in several different forms; it can be psychological, verbal, or physical.

According to the Workplace Bullying Institute, it is estimated that over 48.6 million people are being bullied at work (Workplace Bullying Institute, 2021). Sherri Gordon from Very Well Mind states that Workplace Bullying can cause a lack of sleep, slow performance, more PTO time being used, low productivity, and increased anxiety and depression (Gordon, 2020). Workplace Bullying can severely impact the worker's day-to-day life, both during work and after they clock out.

How To Identify Workplace Bullying

Workplace Bullying can be subtle; you may not even know it is happening. One way to identify workplace bullying is to ask yourself how the actions make you feel. Some examples of Workplace Bullying include: 

Verbal Abuse: Verbal Abuse can include dehumanizing jokes, humiliation, mockery, bringing down someone's ideas and suggestions, continued denial of requests, yelling, name-calling, etc.

Sabotage: Sabotage can include physical harm to a person, undermining one's work, and setting an employee up to fail.

Isolation And Exclusion: Isolation and exclusion occur when you are intentionally excluded from work-related activities or social events.

Anyone can be a Victim of Workplace Bullying; watch out for these additional signs:

• If it is repeated

• If it makes you feel bad

• If it is unfair

What To Do If You Are Dealing With Workplace Bullying

If you are being bullied in your workplace, here are a few ways you can handle it:

• Speak to Someone: You can speak to your friends and family about it or a senior colleague in your workplace about the situation. Talking about your experience can help you to make sense of it all.

• Keep Evidence: Make sure that you keep evidence of the abuse, so it will help you when you make a report.

• Confront The Bully: Most bullies can't stand being confronted and will cower or play the Victim. 

• Take Legal Action:  Take legal action and submit all the evidence you've gathered, especially if your life or job is at stake.

We at Abuse Refuge.Org (ARO) are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to thirteen different types of abuse and help others to heal and find peace. If you would like to learn more and donate to help others find refuge, please visit GoARO.org. 

References

2021 WBI U.S. Workplace Bullying Survey. Workplacebullying.org. (2021). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from ;

Gordon, S. (2020, March 10). “The Effects of Workplace Bullying.” Very Well Mind. March 10, 2020. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-the-effects-of-workplace-bullying-460628

Abuse Has No Age: Financial Abuse Of Elders And Vulnerable Adults

by- Amanda Hildreth

Abuse truly has no age or limits. Financial Abuse is among the top types of Elder Abuse and constitutes over 38,000 cases annually (Tung et al. 2007). Elders and vulnerable adults are at an increased risk for Financial Abuse because they often need assistance from others to make financial decisions due to physical or cognitive deficiencies.

What Is Elder And Vulnerable Adult Financial Abuse?

Elder and Vulnerable Adult Financial Abuse is defined as, “use of an elderly or adult with a disability’s money, property, or other resources for monetary or personal benefit, profit or gain” (United States Department of Justice, 2022). Elders are considered to be over 60 and a vulnerable adult is a person over 18 that needs care services due to a disability, illness, or lacking the ability to protect themselves from abuse (Care Check, 2022).

Why Are Elderly And Vulnerable Adults Targets For Financial Exploitation?

Conditions such as dementia or other mental health conditions cause deficits in interpersonal communication and cognitive skills, and physical frailty can make it difficult for elders to make financial decisions. Predictability also plays a factor because of scheduled payments through social security. Vulnerable adults with illness may also receive disability benefits which are issued on a set schedule, making them vulnerable to Financial Abuse.

Elders typically have more available money than younger people due to working during their lifetime and investing, which makes them vulnerable to financial exploitation. Vulnerable adults may also have more money through disability and other benefits.

As elders age, their ability to make financial decisions clearly and concisely can decline, and vulnerable adults may never learn the skills needed to have a successful future. Illness is an even bigger challenge for elders and vulnerable adults, and an elderly or vulnerable adult may be reluctant or unable to seek help after they were abused financially. They may be embarrassed, fearful, or simply unable to seek help. They may fear retribution from the abuser or not know how to report the abuse.

Who Typically Commits Elder And Vulnerable Adult Financial Exploitation?

The main offenders for Financial Abuse in elders or vulnerable adults can often be a relative, spouse, or someone they trust. Most people may assume that strangers are more likely to commit financial exploitation, but research shows it is more likely to be a close family member. According to the National Center on Elder Abuse, 53% of elderly or vulnerable adults are victims by a family member of the victim (Nursing Home Abuse Center, 2021). Lawyers are also known for exploiting clients instead of instilling trust in vulnerable adults and elders. Nursing homes or caregivers may take advantage of their patients by taking cards out of the victim’s wallet, writing checks in their name, or stealing cash, etc. Strangers also trick these individuals through phone and email scams, sweepstakes, and even state they work for their bank. Strangers may even say they are a relative who needs help with money to trick the individual into a scam and fraudulently steal their money (Nursing Home Abuse Center, 2021).

Why Individuals Perpetuate Elder and Vulnerable Adult Financial Abuse

Many people Financially Abuse elders or vulnerable adults in the interest of getting the money over worrying about the well-being of the elder or vulnerable adult. Family members may believe the money is their own due to inheritance or a will. They also believe they should be compensated for taking care of their family members. Family members may be having their own financial issues or struggle with addiction. Some fear they will not have anything left from their family members after they pass (Nursing Home Abuse Center, 2021). Besides family members, most people who commit Financial Abuse do not care about the harm they are doing to the elder or vulnerable adult. They only care about getting the money.

Warning Signs Of Financial Abuse

There are many warning signs that Financial Abuse of an elder or vulnerable adult is happening, including:

• Checks or banking information sent to the abuser
• Forgery to obtain money via check or other legal documentation
• Significant and suspicious bank activity
• Changes to power of attorney or will
• Forcing signatures on documents the individual cannot comprehend
• Unpaid bills (Nursing Home Abuse Center, 2021).

You can also look for signs if you suspect a specific person of committing financial exploitation so you can take action. A person may abuse an elder or vulnerable adult if the Victim refers to the stranger or family member as a new best friend. The Abuser may charge more for services, stating it is only to meet the Victim’s needs. There may be signs of financial information changes or overall financial problems. Additional red flags are the Abuser makes important financial decisions for the Victim, sets unreasonable expectations, or shows an alarming amount of interest in the elderly or vulnerable individual’s expenses.

How Can You Help if You Suspect Financial Abuse?

If you suspect Financial Abuse of an elder or vulnerable adult, it is crucial to move quickly. There are several actions that you can take. Each situation is unique and depends on the evidence you found of abuse, the victim’s relationship with the abuser, and your relationship with the Victim.

• Talk to the Victim: Talking to the Victim can help us gain clarity and understand how they view the situation before taking action. The more we speak to the individual to hear their side of the story, helps them feel heard and will help us get to the bottom of what is happening. Communication can ultimately give us insight into who they are speaking with and help us pinpoint what assets are being affected.
• Gather Evidence: Gather the help of family members or others you trust to coordinate an investigation of any documentation, bank statements, and other resources you will need to ensure you have enough information to formulate a case.
• Contact the Victim’s Bank: Depending on bank guidelines, there are certain situations where banks may be able to stop payments, especially if there is an instance of suspicious activity on an account.
• Contact the Local Adult Protective Services Office: APS offices investigate all forms of Financial Abuse, fraud, scams and more. The state where the individual resides has their own APS office, and can be contacted through the official website on NAPSA-Now.org.
• Contact Police: Your local police department can be key in discovering fraud or theft and prosecuting individuals involved (Better Health While Aging, 2023).

If you suspect that an elder or vulnerable adult is experiencing Financial Abuse, it is crucial to take action. Be respectful of the Victim’s feelings, but try to find out as much information as possible and take the information to the proper resources.

How To Reduce The Risk Of Financial Abuse

In order to reduce the risk for your loved ones or those you know who are elderly or a vulnerable adult, you can assist with simplifying their finances. You can assist with reducing the number of accounts they possess and have the individual add you as an authorized user on the account. This way, you can keep a close eye on their financial situation and spot any suspicious activity. Learn about common methods of fraud and Financial Abuse perpetrated by strangers, such as lottery scams, imposter scams, phone and email communication, and more.. Lastly, ensure your family member, friend, or loved one has a Power of Attorney. This safety measure requires more than one signature for large transactions, and gives a third party the power to revoke. This measure will ensure the utmost safety for the elderly family member, friend, or vulnerable adult and ensure they are protected, safe, and secure.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

References

Care Check. Vulnerable adults’ definition and the care act that protects them. (2022, May 10). https://www.carecheck.co.uk/the-definition-of-vulnerable-adults-and-the-services-they-receive

Kernisan, L. (2023, January 12). Financial exploitation in aging: what to know & what to do. Better Health While Aging. https://betterhealthwhileaging.net/financial-abuse-what-to-know/

Nursing Home Abuse Center. (2021, June 1). Elder financial abuse: financial abuse of the elderly. https://www.nursinghomeabusecenter.com/elder-abuse/types/financial-abuse/

Tung, E. E., Schipper, A. M., & Takahashi, P. Y. (2007, July). Detecting financial exploitation of vulnerable adults: guidelines for primary care providers and nursing home medical directors. HMP Global. https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/article/7447

United States Department of Justice. Civil Financial Exploitation. 10 G.C.A. § 21002. (2022). https://www.justice.gov/elderjustice/prosecutors/statutes

Wilson, Kehoe and Winingham LLC. Why seniors are targets of financial abuse and exploitation. (2020, February 20). https://www.wkw.com/nursing-home-elder-abuse/faqs/are-the-elderly-vulnerable-to-financial-exploitation-and-abuse/

Abuse Is not Discriminatory

by- Amanda Hildreth

Abuse affects members of the LBGTQIA+ community just as much as those in heterosexual relationships. However, some of the tactics used by the abuser may be different for an LGBTQIA+ Victim. Although the response to LGBTQIA+ Victims’ abuse is improving, the LGBTQIA+ community has been affected by ineffective legal responses to their abusive events. Victims believe they will not receive help, and 45% of Victims do not report abuse to the police. Also, members of the LGBTQIA+ community may be denied assistance due to homophobia, transphobia, and biophobia (The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2018).

What is LGBTQIA+ Abuse?

Abuse in LGBTQIA+ relationships occurs at the same rate as heterosexual relationships. Domestic Violence within the community isn’t less dangerous or less serious simply because the partners are the same gender. There are multiple forms of abuse that affect the LGBTQIA+ community, and the statistics reflect how we can raise awareness and help those in need. Outing is a common form of abuse within this community where the Victim’s sexuality is threatened to be exposed, as well as other hate crimes and Psychological Abuse (The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2018).

Who Does LGBTQIA+ Abuse Affect?

As with all types of abuse, anyone can be a Victim of abuse, no matter their race, age, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, education, or income level. It may also be extremely challenging for an LGBTQIA+ person to receive community services. Coming forward about abuse may mean disclosing their sexual orientation or gender identity, which may be difficult or unsafe for these individuals (Safe Voices, 2022).

In 2018, over 43% of lesbian women and 61% of bisexual women have experienced rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner. Around 35% of heterosexual women are assaulted under the same circumstances. Bisexual and transgender Victims are more likely to experience sexual violence and intimate partner violence in public. Over 26% of gay men and 37.3% of bisexual men have experienced rape, physical violence or stalking by an intimate partner compared to 29% of heterosexual men (The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2018).

How Abuse Differs In The LGBTQIA+ Community

Abuse in the LGBTQIA+ community is unique to other communities. Abusers use tactics specific to LGBTQIA+ relationships including:

• Controlling or questioning their gender identity or gender expression by refusing to use their preferred pronouns or chosen name.
• Refusing use of gender-affirming devices such as binders.
• Questioning their sexual orientation.
• Calling their partner homophobic, biphobic, or transphobic names.
• Pressuring their partner to come out to their family, friends, employers, or medical professionals, or threatening to tell people themselves.
• Withholding key hormones that affirm the victim’s gender, such as testosterone or estrogen.
• Forcing their partner to speak to a religious leader to “cure” them of their sexuality (Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2022).

Barriers To Seeking Community Services

Several barriers can affect peoples’ access to much-needed assistance after experiencing abuse in an LGBTQIA+ relationship. Barriers individuals may face include societal stigmas that abuse does not happen in LGBTQIA+ relationships. There is the potential homophobia they may encounter when seeking service or homophobia from non-LGBTQIA+ victims of abuse.Providers and doctors can sometimes be limited or lack training and experience with LGBTQIA+ abuse which can be very difficult for this community to get the help they are seeking. Another major barrier is access to care and safety, which leads to an inability to share problems and struggles in a population where progress towards equality is already a major ongoing problem. Contributing further to this issue, transgender Victims may not be allowed entrance into domestic violence shelters based on their gender. (please add a closing sentence)

Ways You Can Support LGBTQIA+ Victims

Assisting someone who tells you about the abuse they are facing can be challenging. The reaction you have can affect if the Victim decides to tell anyone else or seek resources for help. Remember to always listen to them without judgment, acknowledge what they have been through, tell them you are there to help through this difficult time, and that you care about their well-being (Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network, 2022).

Here’s how you can support an LGBTQIA+ Victim of abuse:

• Listen Intently: LGBTQIA+ Victims who experience abuse may feel no one understands them and may believe their situation is not serious. Show the Victim they matter by giving your undivided attention. It is difficult for LGBTQIA+ Victims to confess their abusive situation, especially if they are not out yet.
• Validate the Victim’s Feelings: Avoid using overly-positive statements which can make them feel dismissed. Statements such as, “It will get better” or “You shouldn’t feel this way.” Instead, make affirming statements to make them feel heard like, “I believe you” or “I’m sorry you had to go through that.”
• Express concern: Directly tell them you care about them and their well-being with statements like, “I care about you” and “Is there anything I can do for you?”
• Use inclusive language: Don’t assume the Victim’s gender identity or sexual orientation if you are unsure. It is best to use neutral language such as “significant other” or “partner” instead of boyfriend or girlfriend, and use “they” or “them” when referring to someone. Try not to assume, and let them verify or ask what their preferred pronouns are.
• Do not ask about the abuse: Regardless of curiosity or if you are seeking to understand the situation, do not ask about the details. If they choose to share the details of the abuse, do your best to listen and be non-judgmental and supportive (Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network, 2022).

Additional Resources For Victims of LGBTQIA+ Abuse

These resources acknowledge the unique challenges that face LGBTQIA+ individuals who experience abuse. All of these programs are accessible to members of the LGBTQIA+ community and provide services that respect the LGBTQIA+ experience and background (Women Against Abuse, 2022). The National Domestic Violence Hotline is also available 24/7 by phone and their website.

There are several other online resources for the LGBTQIA+ Community, including the Anti-Violence Project, which empowers LGBTQIA+ and HIV-affected communities and allies to end all forms of violence through events and education and through counseling. Forge is a national transgender anti-violence organization and provides direct services to transgender, gender non-conforming, and gender non-binary Victims and Survivors of sexual assault.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community and provide life-saving financial assistance with a donation.

Resources

The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2018, June 6). Domestic violence and the LGBTQ community. https://ncadv.org/blog/posts/domestic-violence-and-the-lgbtq-community

Safe Voices. (2021). LGBTQ abuse.

Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2022). Ending abuse in the LGBTQIA+ community.

Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network. (2022). LGBTQ survivors of sexual violence. https://www.rainn.org/articles/lgbtq-survivors-sexual-violence

Connecticut Alliance to End Sexual Violence. (2022). LGBTQ+ Resources. https://endsexualviolencect.org/lgLGbtq/

Identifying Sexual Abuse in Marriage

by- Hannah Jagiri

When people hear Sexual Abuse, it is typically not discussed in the context of marriage. Sexual Abuse can occur even in marriages. Sexual Abuse refers to patterns that are used to manipulate, influence, or control your partner sexually. This form of abuse can either be forcing your partner to have sex with you, or using manipulation to coerce your partner into having sexual relations with you.

According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, “1 in 10 women have been raped by an intimate partner”(National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2022). Sexual Abuse in marriage is backed by statistics to continue to bring awareness of this form of abuse. No matter where Sexual Abuse occurs, it can also be perpetuated in our own homes.

How do you recognize Sexual Abuse in a marriage?

Rape without consent is a crime, and being married is not an excuse to be exempt from a safe and intimate relationship. Marriage is about a partnership, commitment, and love. “In many settings, 20–30% of women have experienced it at some stage in their lives, with intimate partners the most common group of perpetrators” (Dartnall et al., 2008). When sex is a manipulation tool or used in force by a partner, that constitutes as Sexual Abuse. Here are signs to look out for in a marriage.

Withholding Sex as a Form of Punishment

Withholding sex to gain something or to control someone’s life is manipulation. If a partner often refuses sex whenever events or situations do not go their way, this is both Sexual and Psychological Abuse. The best way to settle a dispute is to have an open conversation about the situation. When a partner deliberately withholds sex as a form of punishment or gaslighting, this exerts control and exercises dominance in the marriage.

Marital Rape

“Rape in a romantic relationship and marriage is considered intimate partner violence. This includes forced sex and sexual assault between spouses” (Russell et al.,2021). Rape is non-consensual sex with someone and even perpetuated by your partner. Centers for Disease Control reported 46.7% of females and 44.9% of males in the United States were victims of rape by an acquaintance (Breiding, et al., 2014 ). The CDC’s 2011 report stated 45.4% of female rape victims and 29% of male rape victims were victims of rape by an intimate partner (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2022).

Being Forced into Sexual Activities

Individuals forced to do sexual activities or controlled with non-consensualalgratification are Sexually Abused in their relationship. Sexual acts should always be consented to in a marriage and partnership, and any forms of force or coercion is a sign of an abusive partner.

Criticizes Physical Appearances

A partner who uses offensive language and criticizes physical appearances and their partner’s body, is a form of abuse. A partner should not criticize their partner’s appearance and undermine their self worth, and should always make their loved ones feel loved and appreciate them in all stages of life.

Sexual Abuse in a marriage can be difficult to recognize when it is not visible to others to indicate their situation is harmful. Marriage is not an excuse for anyone to be a perpetuator of Sexual Abuse. Seek help immediately if you recognize the signs of Sexual Abuse in your marriage or if someone you love is suffering from this form of abuse.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

References

Breiding, M., Smith, S., Basile, K., Walters, M., Chen, J., & Merrick, M. (2014 , September 5). Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization- National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm?s_cid=ss6308a1_e

Jewkes, R., Dartnall, L. (2008). Sexual violence. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 723–731. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739605000678

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2022). National Statistics. https://ncadv.org/

Russell, R., & Silva Casabianca, S. (2021, June 22). What is marital rape? Psych Central. https://psychcentral.com/lib/marital-rape#why-marital-rape-happens

The Inspiring Story of Kim Carpenter

by- Amanda Hildreth

“Your story does not define you.”

Kim Carpenter, Abuse Refuge Org’s Norm Therapy® Manager and Norm Therapist®, tells us why she chose to practice Norm Therapy® in her inspiring story as an Abuse Survivor, and her desire to help others find their truth and normal.

Kim’s Background

Kim is a certified Transformational Life Coach, Usui Reiki Level 2 practitioner, and is a Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) certified human resources professional with over 25 years of experience in human relations. She is also a 4-time podcast guest speaker, sharing tips about recovering from Narcissistic Abuse. She specializes in life skills such as self-awareness, accountability and emotional intelligence.

Kim worked mostly in human relations before she became a Norm Therapy® Manager. In her last job, she was affectionately known as the morale leader because she created and implemented a training program that supported employees’ personal and professional development. In 2015, shetransferred out of her human resources role because the office environment wasn’t satisfying, and she felt a higher calling to help others get through what she had survived. Kim began to research Reiki and became a transformational life coach. She always knew that once she got her business up and running, she would give back to the cause. “ARO just sort of landed in my lap,” she said, and the rest is history.

Kim’s Story of Survival

Kim is invested in giving back to the cause because she has experienced abuse first hand. Kim’s abuse started at a very young age. Her parents divorced around the time she turned one, and her father quickly remarried. During her childhood, she lived with her father, stepmother, brother, and two step-siblings (Bialko, 2021). Shortly after her father received full custody of her and her brother, her father’s parents moved in with them. Kim’s earliest memories of her grandparents are from the time she started kindergarten, when the Sexual Abuse with her grandfather began. This abuse continued until she entered 6th grade, when she finally decided to stand up and refuse her abuser.

“I don’t know where that inner strength came from to stand up and say that, but I did.”

From that time, the relationship with her grandfather changed and became more manipulative.

Kim showed all the classic signs of Sexual Abuse in children, such as not wanting to undress in front of others for PE class, not playing with other children, and not talking about her abuse to anyone. It got to the point where she asked her grandfather to write notes so she didn’t have to participate in PE class. He began to manipulate her by telling her father about the notes, to purposefully get her in trouble. She didn’t feel like she could tell her father the truth of the situation and why she was asking for the notes.

About the time she stood up to her grandfather, she thought she would be safe sleeping through the night with the hall light on. However, she woke up one night to find her older stepbrother on her bed. He was in 9th grade at the time. He said he was trying to “practice” first and second base. At one point, her stepmother caught them, and slapped Kim on the cheek, hard. She was restricted from having any boy in her room. Her stepbrother was seen by her stepmother as the victim.

These random nightly visits continued until he was a senior in high school and she was in 9th grade. It stopped when her step brother got a serious girlfriend. One day, she was on the phone with a friend, and her stepmother was monitoring the call to make sure she wasn’t talking to any boys. Her stepbrother and his girlfriend walked behind Kim, and when he asked who she was talking to, she said, “I’m calling child services to report abuse.” His girlfriend looked mortified, and the abuse with him stopped from then on. However, he became a predator to Kim’s friends.

Kim and her best friend planned to go camping for Kim’s birthday for a weekend. They were leaving for the trip early on Saturday morning, so her friend stayed the night before.The night ended with Kim’s stepmother finding her best friend asleep in her stepbrother’s bed and kicking her out of the house. Her step brother was again seen as the victim, and Kim was never allowed to speak to her best friend again.

At the same time that the abuse was occurring with her stepbrother and grandfather, her stepmother was abusive, and her father did nothing to resolve it. Instead, he would support his wife. She constantly manipulated the truth about her stepbrother to her father, so she was punished by both of them.

She endured this abuse until one event, when her stepmother hit her with the wrong end of the belt and left a nickel-sized hole in her calf. Once her father came home, her stepmother told him Kim yelled at her, so he said she would be punished. Before he did, he noticed Kim’s leg and asked what happened, and Kim told the truth. Her father asked what she wanted to do, and she built up the courage to tell him she wanted to go live with her mother.

Just before her senior year of high school, she moved in with her mother and stepfather. She didn’t talk to her father or stepmother much after the move. She would see them only on occasion for family gatherings or holidays. Whenever she did, her stepbrother always had something negative to say about Kim, which perpetuated the perspective that everything was her fault.

Despite the years of abuse by her stepmother, grandfather, and stepbrother, Kim is living proof of the power of forgiveness. Once she ended the relationship with her narcissist stepmother, things became more clear to her, and she went through her spiritual journey of truly knowing and understanding the meaning of life. She reconnected with her dad and stepmother, but by that time her stepmother was in the late stages of dementia. Kim visited every few months to help her father care for her stepmother (Bialko, 2021) until Kim’s father passed away in January of 2022. Kim and her siblings placed her stepmother in a nursing home, where she later passed away in August of 2022.

Kim chose to never tell her father about what happened with her grandfather. Due to her father passing this past January, she now feels more comfortable speaking about what happened with her grandfather. “I feel more free to speak now,” she said.

Finding Her Own Ways to Heal

Kim would sit with a therapist who cried the whole time she was talking, and she felt bad about sharing her story. “I endured several months of meeting with a therapist, and I can’t say it helped me completely.” She ended the relationship with her therapist a few months later, and she encourages others, as a manager and Norm Therapist®, to find their unique path to healing.

As an alternative to sitting alone, Norm Therapy® is a support system to help others find the best mode of healing for themselves, their normal. Norm Therapy® brings to light many types of abuse that we can see that go beyond Physical Abuse and for those who are unable to access help.

Why Norm Therapy®?

Kim is a Norm Therapy® Pioneer from 2021, as instructed by Michael Gibson, Global Managing Director, Co-Founder of ARO, and the Creator of Norm Therapy®. Kim became an integral part of the training and development of Norm Therapy® and developed a series of NTIS training modules covering self-awareness and the diplomacy of assertiveness. She is making significant contributions to the NTIS Advanced Training Program, launching in 2023.

As a Survivor of Financial, Sexual, Child, Narcissistic, Psychological, Bullying, Workplace, and Spousal Abuse, Kim profoundly understands the importance of why Norm Therapy® is a much-needed “Hand Up” in the Abuse Care Community. She knows how it greatly impacts the lives of individuals who are seeking change for themselves and their situations by embracing the Three Tenets of Norm Therapy®: Clarity, Assessment, and Truth.

Kim truly feels a calling to help others heal from their abuse through Norm Therapy®, which plays an important role in challenging the beliefs of a Victim or Survivor. Kim wants to bring awareness to the 13 types of abuse and help others heal the way that she did.

The Inspiring Nurturer

When people tell Kim she is nurturing and inspiring, their words deeply touch her heart. Through everyday life, Kim gives to others what they need to hear. Most often, individuals are experiencing similar circumstances, and her inspiration and kind words are exactly what she needed when she endured her abuse. This cyclical effect returns to her in so many beautiful and unexpected ways.

Kim and her inspiring story teach us there is power in forgiveness, and we can become much more than our circumstances.

“Your story does not define you. I look at life like a book. You have all these chapters, experiences, traumas, challenges, strengths, and there may be some tougher chapters than others. When you come to the end, you look at all those chapters and you reflect on the character and see how they’ve grown and changed. We can reflect back on that growth, and to know we’ve closed that chapter. It’s always up to us to redefine our story.”

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

Resources

Bialko, N. M. (2021, November 24). Catching butterflies.

Self-Abuse Through Food

By Roxanne Guiney

One large misconception about eating disorders is that they’re all about weight and the aesthetics of being slender. In reality, they are often a form of Self-Abuse. The person may be using food as a method of punishing themselves, they may abuse themselves because of what they’ve eaten, or have developed an addiction to food. Eating disorders come in many different forms of abuse cycles and can intertwine with various forms of Self-Abuse.

Food and Restriction as Punishment

People who are Self-Abusing may find methods to harm themselves through food. Although the ups and downs in their lives may be unrelated to food, sufferers of Self-Abuse may develop thoughts such as, “I don’t deserve food” or “I should eat all of this junk because I failed” in order to cope with negative emotions (Discovery Mood and Anxiety Program [Discovery], n. d.; Leonard, 2020). Sufferers of eating disorders often engage in other methods of Self-Abuse, and this is one of the many ways they harm themselves (Discovery, n. d.).

Anorexia nervosa and other restrictive eating disorders may result from this type of thinking. Studies have found evidence that people suffering from anorexia have a heightened sensitivity to reward and punishment, which may contribute to their disordered behaviors (Jappe et al., 2011; Jonker et al., 2022). This sensitivity may also contribute to a lessened likelihood that sufferers will recover (Jonker et al., 2022).

Self-Abuse After Food

After eating, a person may abuse themselves with different forms of punishment for eating, such as purging by vomiting, overusing laxatives, or over-exercising. They may have deep feelings of regret or shame and try to either undo their actions, or take out their anger on their own bodies (Leonard, 2020). Although exercising seems like an adaptive coping mechanism, over-exercising as a punishment for eating can lead to injury. Over exercise can lead to strains, sprains, and fractures, which may prevent the person from performing certain exercises in the future (Nunez, 2020).

Food Addiction

As with any addiction, food addiction can cause harmful patterns. When people develop food addictions, they may abuse their bodies by overeating in volume, calories, or a particular nutrient such as sugar (Avena et al., 2008). Too much of anything can harm our bodies, and food is no exception. People who compulsively overeat can develop physical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and obesity (Pedram et al., 2013), as well as emotional conditions such as depression and low self-esteem, which can lead to further Self-Abuse (Gunnars, 2019; Leonard, 2020). With many addictions, many sufferers of food addiction know overeating is harmful to their health but do so because of the dopamine produced during the addictive activity (Avena et al., 2008; Gunnars, 2019). 

As with any addiction or disorder, recovery is more likely with the help of loved ones and qualified professionals. If you see these behaviors in yourself or people close to you, you might find help through support groups, intensive inpatient or outpatient programs, or cognitive therapy.   

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

References

Avena, N. M., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008). Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(1), 20-39. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019

Discovery Mood and Anxiety Program. (n. d.) The connection between eating disorders and self-injury. https://discoverymood.com/blog/connection-eating-disorders-self-injury/

Gunnars, K. (2019, December 4). How to overcome food addiction. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-overcome-food-addiction

Jappe, L. M., Frank, G. K. W., Shott, M. E., Rollin, M. D. H., Pryor, T., Hagman, J. O., Yang, T. T., & Davis, E. (2011). Heightened Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment in Anorexia Nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44(4), 317–324.

Jonker, N. C., Glashouwer, K. A., & de Jong, P. J., (2022). Punishment sensitivity and the persistence of anorexia nervosa: High punishment sensitivity is related to a less favorable course of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 55(5), 697-702. ;

Leonard, E. (2020, August 16.) Food and Emotion. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/peaceful-parenting/202008/food-and-emotion 

Nunez, K. (2020, December 8). The signs of overexertion and how to protect yourself from injury and burnout. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/overexertion

Pedram, P, Wadden, D., Amini, P., Gulliver, W., Randell, E., Cahill, F., Vasdev, S., Goodridge, A., Carter, J. C., Zhai, G., Ji, Y., Sun, G. (2013). Food addiction: its prevalence and significant association with obesity in the general population. PLoS One, 8(9), e74832. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074832 

Hate Crimes and Their Effects On Society

by- Amanda Hildreth

A hate crime is abuse, violence, or intimidation of a person for being part of a protected class or certain other groups. Victims might be targeted for their gender or sexuality, such as being transgender, gay, bisexual, non-binary, queer, intersex, for being a different race, ethnicity, religion, or sex than their abuser, or for having a disability.

Hate Crimes and Their Effects

Victims of violent hate crimes are more likely to experience psychological distress than Victims of another violent crime (Herek Gillis & Cogan, 1999). Victims of crimes that are motivated by bias have a greater chance of experiencing PTSD, depression, anxiety, safety concerns, and anger than Victims of non-bias-motivated crimes (Boeckmann & Turpin-Petrosino, 2022; Gerstenfeld, 2011; McDevitt et al., 2001).

Hate crimes send a message to the members of the Victim’s circle that they are unsafe in the community, resulting in decreased feelings of security within the entire group (Bell, & Perry, 2015; Noelle, 2002). Witnessing discrimination against a person’s own group can also also lead to distress and low self-esteem (McCoy & Major, 2003).

What Causes Hate Crimes?

Hate crimes are forms of extreme prejudice and are often ignited by social or political change. Public or political influences may undervalue members of unfamiliar groups (Franklin, 1997), and perpetrators of hate crimes may feel that their way of life is threatened by demographic changes (Stacey et al., 2011).

Perpetrators of hate crimes are often motivated by fear, ignorance, or anger rather than hate. All these behaviors can lead to dehumanization of unfamiliar groups, which produces targeted aggression (2014; Nemiroff, 1995; Plumm et al., 2014).

How Common Are Hate Crimes?

In 2017, the FBI reported 7,145 hate crimes (FBI, 2016). However, most hate crimes are not reported. Of the hate crimes reported in 2017, 58.1% were based on hostility towards race or ethnicity, 22% towards religion, 15.9% towards sexual orientation, 0.6% towards gender identity, and 1.6% towards disability. The majority of these crimes targeted African-American, LGBTQ, and Jewish communities.

COVID’s Impact On Hate Crimes

COVID-19 peaked in China in the last week of 2019. As Americans and the rest of the world got used to the new normal of social distancing and stay at home orders, Asian Americans had been experiencing heightened racial tension, verbal, and physical attacks. Despite the disease impacting people of all ethnicities and races, Asian Americans were reporting high rates of hate crimes against them (Chiu, 2020).

Covid-19 has created national insecurity and enabled the spread of racism and xenophobia, which could be associated with the increase in anti-Asian hate crimes during the pandemic (Vachuska, 2020).

The Different Forms of Abuse Associated with Hate Crimes

Hate crimes aren’t just Verbal Abuse or Physical Assault, although both activities can be a part of a hate crime. Forms of abuse that can also be considered a hate crime are damage to items of cultural or religious importance, crime intentionally occurring on a holy day, and symbols of hatred present before, during, or after the crime (Victim Connect Resource Center, 2022).

A hate crime can also happen through words, pictures, videos, music, and more. Hate content includes:

• Messages that call for violence against a specific person or group.
• Web Pages that show videos or pictures of violence against anyone for their differences.
• Chat Forums that encourage others to commit hate crimes against a specific group or person (Metropolitan Police, 2022).

What Can I Do If I’ve Been A Victim Of A Hate Crime?

While there are no actions that are correct for everyone after a hate crime, the following are steps you can take if you feel comfortable doing so.

• Call 911 if you feel that you are in danger or need medical assistance.
• Make a record of what happened. Write as much detail as possible after the crime, and include any hate speech to suggest biased motivation.
• File a police report and obtain a copy for your records.
• Talk with friends or family you trust. Lean on them if you need help with rides to appointments, dealing with any possible media attention, coordinating meals, or other tasks.
• Reach out to an advocate support group for Victims of hate crimes for information, resources, and services that can help.
• Hire an attorney if there will be a criminal case or if you would like to file a civil lawsuit.
• If you don’t feel that local authorities are taking your case seriously, you can file a report with your local FBI field office (Victim Connect Resource Center, 2022).

How To Stop Hate Crimes In Our Communities

There are many ways you can get involved to stop hate crimes in your communities.

• Identify Partners: Create and foster partnerships within the community to combat crime. Include diverse groups who may be targets of hate. Community partners include law enforcement, schools, courts, Victim advocates, federal agencies, community organizations, the media, religious groups, civic leaders like council members, and more. Community policing enables communities to join with law enforcement to prevent hate crimes.
• Develop Law Enforcement-Community Relationships: A strong partnership between law enforcement and communities is key to preventing hate crimes. Research and understand how involved local law enforcement is with the community, reach out to the chief of police to participate in the relationship, focus on solutions, and network with others in the community.
• Identify a Group To Interface with Law Enforcement for a Victim: Victims of hate can be mistrustful or possibly fearful of law enforcement and may turn to their community groups instead for support. Those organizations can link with law enforcement and get them involved on behalf of the Victim.
• Invite Law Enforcement and Community Groups To Schools: Most hate and bias-motivated crimes are committed by people under 30, and 17% of those crimes are committed by someone under 18. Youth are also more vulnerable to violent attacks and other forms of harassment. To combat hate crimes and bias, teachers and school administrators could use law enforcement to educate students and staff.
• Promote Public Awareness: Provide a community public awareness campaign to create awareness. The campaign can identify intolerance and provide resources for Victims and community members (The US Department of Justice, 2022).

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

For more information about hate crimes, visit the United States Department of Justice.

References

American Psychological Association and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. Washington, D.C.

Bell, J. G., & Perry, B. (2015). Outside looking in: The community impacts of anti-lesbian, gay, and bisexual hate crime. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(1), 98–120.

Boeckmann, R.J., & Turpin-Petrosino, C. (2002). Understanding the harm of hate crime. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 207–225.

Carrier, Jim (1999); The US Department of Justice (2022). Ten ways to fight hate: A community response guide, second edition. https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/com_ten_ways_to_fight_hate_2017_web.pdf

Chiu, A. (2020, March 20). Trump has no qualms about calling the coronavirus the ‘Chinese Virus.’ That’s a dangerous attitude, experts say. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/03/20/coronavirus-trump-chinese-virus/

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016). Hate crime statistics, 2015. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Justice.

Franklin, K. (1997). Psychosocial motivations of hate crime perpetrators: Implications from prevention and policy. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED423939.pdf.

Gerstenfeld, P.B. (2011). Hate crimes: Causes, controls, and controversies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Herek, G.M., Gillis, J.R., & Cogan, J.C. (1999). Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 945–951.

McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2003). Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 1005–101.

McDevitt J., Balboni J., Garcia L., & Gu J. (2001). Consequences for victims: A comparison of bias- and non-bias-motivated assaults. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 697–713. doi:10.1177/0002764201045004010

Metropolitan Police (2022). Hate crimes and hate incidents.

Nemiroff, R. (1995). Aggression, pathological hate, and the Holocaust. Paper presented at “The clinical faces of hatred.” San Diego Psychoanalytic Society, La Jolla, CA.

Noelle, M. (2002). The ripple effect of the Matthew Shepard murder: Impact on the assumptive worlds of members of the targeted group. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 27–50. doi:10.1177/0002764202046001004

Plumm, K.M., Terrance, C.A., & Austin, A. (2014). Not all hate crimes are created equal: An examination of the roles of ambiguity and expectations in perceptions of hate crimes. Current Psychology, 33(3), 321–364.

Stacey, M., Carbone-López, K., & Rosenfeld, R. (2011). Demographic change and ethnically motivated crime: The impact of immigration on anti-Hispanic hate crime in the United States. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 27(3), 278–298.

The US Department of Justice (2022). Preventing hate crimes in your community. https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/preventing-hate-crimes-your-community

Vachuska, K. F. (2020). Initial effects of the coronavirus pandemic on racial prejudice in the United States: Evidence from Google trends. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/bgpk3/

Victim Connect Resource Center (2022). Hate crimes. https://victimconnect.org/learn/types-of-crime/hate-crimes/

The Invisible Pandemic: The Effect of COVID-19 on Abuse

by- Amanda Hildreth 

Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a global health issue. It takes many different forms and affects the whole family, not just the Victim. Abuse, including Child Abuse and Neglect, can also exist in several forms, including Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Abuse. Around 1 billion children and young adults experience various forms of  abuse each year (Hills et al., 2016).

There is also evidence to suggest that Child Abuse and Domestic Abuse may correlate (McKay, 1994). Several factors can put someone at risk for both Child and Domestic Abuse, including drug or alcohol abuse within the family, mental health problems, economic issues, and parenting stress (Jaudes et al., 1995).

In 2020 with worldwide mandatory lockdowns, the general population faced months of restrictions, including school closures and mandatory work from home. Non-essential businesses closed and many people faced unemployment. The continuing pandemic has created a large impact on daily life through these economic and social stressors on families (Douglas et al., 2020). 

As the pandemic continues, safety requires Americans to stay at home to protect themselves. However, not all homes are safe. These stressful conditions can worsen situations in homes where abuse was already a problem. They may increase household violence, and may even create violence in families where it didn’t exist prior to the pandemic. Further, COVID-19 has disconnected people in need from community resources and support.

The Cost of Domestic Violence To Society

Violence in home settings greatly affects society as a whole. Domestic Violence leads to adverse mental health outcomes, an increased risk of chronic disease, substance use, PTSD, stress, and risky sexual behavior (NCIPC, CDC, 2016). 

Victims of Domestic Violence, including Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse, are at an increased risk for injuries or death. According to the CDC, one in four women and one in ten men have experienced Sexual, Physical, Intimate Partner Violence, or stalking by an intimate partner within their lifetime (2019). Over 43 million women and 38 million men experience aggression by their partner within their lifetime (Smith, et al., 2018).

Among the survivors of Intimate Partner Violence, 41 percent of women and 14 percent of men have experienced some form of injury related to the violence. Data from crime reports shows that one in six homicide Victims are killed by their intimate partners (Breiding et al., 2014).

Child Abuse and Its Effect on Society

The CDC states that one in seven children have experienced abuse or neglect in the past year. In 2018, 1,770 children died of abuse or neglect in the US. In the United States, the lifetime economic effect of Child Abuse and Neglect was $428 billion as of 2015 (Peterson et al., 2015). In addition, when untreated, Child Abuse or Neglect can cause a great impact on the child’s lifelong health, such as increased risk of injury, violence perpetration or victimization, substance abuse, delayed development, lower educational attainment, and fewer employment opportunities (Fortson, et al., 2016).

How COVID-19 Has Impacted Child Abuse

Children have been more vulnerable to abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research shows that increased stress levels in parents is a major factor of Physical Abuse and Neglect. Stressed parents may respond to a child's behaviors in aggressive or abusive ways. In addition, support systems that parents rely on, such as child care, schools, extended family, and other community services aren’t available in areas with stay at home orders. 

Child Protective Services is dealing with strained resources with fewer workers, making them unable to conduct home visits in areas experiencing stay at home orders. With children not going to school, teachers have also been unable to witness and report signs of abuse (APA, 2020).

How COVID-19 Has Impacted Domestic Violence

In some areas since COVID-19 hit, reports of Domestic Violence have decreased. However, there are several reasons why this isn’t an accurate representation of the rate of Domestic Violence. With COVID-19 isolation, Victims are trapped inside their homes with their abusers, without an escape opportunity or a way to contact help. The same is true of children who are Victims of violence because they cannot report the abuse to a teacher or another trusted adult. Research suggests that families being in close contact for long periods reduced the amount of safe time and increased the chance of violence (Uken, 2020).

According to recent research, Domestic Violence cases have clearly increased during COVID-19 globally. Domestic Violence incidents in Brazil have risen by 40 to 50 percent and Domestic Violence calls in the UK have increased by 25 percent (BBC, 2020).

The effects of COVID-19 on Domestic Violence in the United States are similar. Studies have shown that some states have experienced increased instances of Domestic Violence (Portland Police Bureau, 2022). For example, Portland, Oregon, has seen a 22 percent increase in Domestic Violence arrests, and Jefferson County, Alabama, had a 27 percent increase in calls relating to Domestic Violence in 2020 compared to the previous year (Jeff Co Sheriff, 2022). The changes in responsibilities during the pandemic have also given additional opportunities for abusers to harass Victims. 

Strategies To Reduce The Negative Effects of Covid-19 on Domestic Violence

Pandemic preparedness strategies must include building violence-related first-response systems. These strategies reinforce social safety nets that offer temporary housing or shelter, provide temporary support networks, and integrate Domestic Violence into healthcare response systems to prevent abuse during pandemics (Peterman et al., 2020).

Improve Reporting of Domestic Violence

Previous research shows that when compared to other forms of violence, Domestic Violence is more likely to be reported by Victims (Campbell et al., 2017). However, during Covid-19, Victims were less able to report violence because of lockdown requirements. The role of neighbors, community members, and other bystanders in reporting abuse became crucial. To combat this issue, training these groups about Domestic Violence is vital (Katz and Moore, 2013). Educating these groups to help Victims can lead to higher reporting rates.

Speed Is Crucial

The speed at which law enforcement takes action against the abuser is crucial in reporting an incident. Although suspect identification is more likely when the suspect and Victim are closely related, arrests are more likely when they are strangers (Tasca et al., 2013). 

Paperwork may slow the process. Often, Victims don’t come forward due to the extensive paperwork required to report violence. Flexibility in providing the information necessary to report violence will reduce wait times for reporting to make it easier for Victims.

The prior criminal history of the Victim, like cases involving abuse of drugs, can also commonly delay arrests. This is especially a problem during Covid-19, because delays often lead to the Victim and abuser sharing space.

It’s also key to communicate to the population how quickly or slowly an arrest will occur for the crime. This will encourage Victims and bystanders to report violence as soon as possible. Some Victims may not choose to take legal action for several reasons, including loss of status, embarrassment, fear, retaliation, or the Victim’s own criminal past (Felson et al., 2002; Rodriguez et al., 2001). In these cases, self-help groups and other support groups can reduce the effects of violence.

Abuse of Vulnerable Populations

Identifying whether vulnerable populations are experiencing a higher amount of violence requires strategy. Populations who are especially vulnerable to abuse during COVID-19 are those with a high risk of severe illness, older adults, immunocompromised adults, and those with pre-diagnosed conditions, like asthma or HIV (CDC, 2019). One community that is especially vulnerable is the migrant community (Choi and Byoun, 2014). Due to lockdown measures, migrants aren’t always able to return to their native homes. Because COVID-19 has limited job opportunities, migrants are more likely to face abuse, stigma, and cultural discrimination.

Due to all these factors, vulnerable populations need special treatment and recognition. Anti-oppressive measures, such as educating vulnerable populations about the resources to live safely away from violence, would also help (Dominelli & Campling, 2002).

Digital Monitoring

The majority of countries have used digital monitoring of citizens who were exposed or asymptomatic carriers during COVID-19 (IANS, 2020). These apps can be used to track potential suspects and can be activated with a SOS system to allow Victims to report violence (Emezue, 2020). In addition to monitoring, keeping digital Domestic Violence hotlines open 24/7 will have long-term positive effects.

Increasing Victim Well-Being

One of the most protective factors against Domestic Violence is economic health. Research suggests that creating patterns of hope, optimism, self efficacy, and resilience are vital for positive well-being (Luthanas et al., 2006). Instead of a reactive approach after violence has already happened, such proactive approaches to prevent Domestic Violence during the pandemic can reduce this social and economic crisis. 

If you have been or are currently in an abusive situation or know of someone that is, ARO is here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elder, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

References

APA (2020) How COVID-19 may increase domestic violence and child abuse. https://www.apa.org/topics/covid-19/domestic-violence-child-abuse  

BBC. (2020). Coronavirus: Domestic abuse calls up 25% since lockdown, charity says. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52157620

Breiding, M. J., Chen J., & Black, M. C. (2014). Intimate partner violence in the United States — 2010. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/cdc_nisvs_ipv_report_2013_v17_single_a.pdf 

Campbell, A. M., Hicks, R. A., Thompson, S. L., & Wiehe, S. E. (2017). Characteristics of intimate partner violence incidents and the environments in which they occur: Victim reports to responding law enforcement officers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(13-14), 2583-2606. ;

CDC (2019) Understanding Risk.

Choi, G-Y., & Byoun, S-J. (2014). Domestic violence against migrant women in South Korea: Addressing the needs of a uniquely situated victim population in domestic violence policy. International Social Work, 57(6), 645-660.

Dominelli, L., & Campling, J. (2002). Anti oppressive social work theory and practice. Macmillan international higher education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-1400-2

Douglas, M., Katikireddi, S. V., Taulbat, M., McKee, M., & McCartney, G. (2020). Mitigating the wider health effects of COVID‐19 pandemic response. BMJ, 369(8243), m1557. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1557

Emezue C. (2020). Digital or digitally delivered responses to domestic and intimate partner violence during COVID-19. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(3), e19831. https://doi.org/10.2196/19831 

Felson, R. B., Messner, S. F., Hoskin, A. W., & Deane, G. (2002). Reasons for reporting and not reporting domestic violence to the police. Criminology, 40(3), 617-648. ;

Fortson, B., Klevens, J., Merrick, M., Gilbert, L., & Alexander, S. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/can-prevention-technical-package.pdf 

Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A., & Kress, H. (2016). Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: A systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics, 137(3), 1-13.  https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4079

IANS. (2020, April 5). Coronavirus India: Goa govt launches 'COVID-Locator' app to track quarantined suspects. https://news.abplive.com/news/india/coronavirus-india-goa-govt-launches-covid-locator-app-to-track-quarantined-suspects-1190362 

Jaudes, P. K., Ekwo, E., & Van Voorhis, J. (1995). Association of drug abuse and child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 1065-1075. http://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(95)00068-j  

Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office. (n.d.) JeffCo. Sheriff’s office notices surge in domestic violence crime during COVID-19. https://www.cbs42.com/news/crime/jeffco-sheriffs-office-notices-surge-in-domestic-violence-crime-during-covid-19/ 

Katz, J., & Moore, J. (2013). Bystander education training for campus sexual assault prevention: An initial meta-analysis. Violence and Victims, 28(6),1054-1067. http://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00113 

Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 387-393.

Mckay, M. M. (1994). Child welfare, the link between domestic violence and child abuse: Assessment and treatment considerations. Child Welfare, 73(1), 29-39 https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/link-between-domestic-violence-and-child-abuse-assessment-and 

Peterson, C., Florence, C., & Klevens, J. (2018). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States, 2015. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 178-83. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.018

Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S., & van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development working paper, 528. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/pandemics-and-violence-against-women-and-children 

Portland Police Bureau. (2020). Trends analysis: Pre and post school closures. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Portland+Police+Bureau+Trends+analysis:+pre+and+post+school+closures+2020+

Houry, D. E., & Mercy, J. A. (2016). Preventing multiple forms of violence: A strategic vision for connecting the dots. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/strategic_vision.pdf 

Rodriguez, M. A., McLoughlin, E., Nah, G., Campbell, J. C. (2001). Mandatory reporting of domestic violence injuries to the police: What do emergency department patients think? Jama, 286(5), 580-583. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.5.580 

Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., & Chen, J. (2018). The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2015 data brief—updated release. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/datasources/nisvs/summaryreports.html 

Tasca, M., Rodriguez, N., Spohn, C., Koss, M. P. (2013). Police decision making in sexual assault cases: Predictors of suspect identification and arrest. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(6), 1157-1177. ;

Uken, C. (2020). Domestic violence cases may surge in Valley. https://ukenreport.com/domestic-violence-cases-may-surge-in-valley/?cn-reloaded=1

Emotional Maltreatment in Children

by- Melody Pender

Children of all ages are entitled to basic necessities in life including food, clothing, and shelter. However, some guardians and parents exclude the emotional nourishment and care that promote emotional stability in the child’s life. Emotional neglect can lead to harmful life choices, which might cause regrettable experiences (Cheprasov, 2021).

Emotional Child Abuse is a “repeated pattern of caregiver behavior or extreme incident(s) that convey to children that they are worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or of value only in meeting another’s needs” (Hart et al., 2011).

Proper awareness of Child Abuse is necessary for us to look for warning signs and further educate ourselves on this form of abuse. According to Childhelp National Child Abuse, every year in the United States, approximately 4.3 million children are involved in referrals to Child Protective Services (CPS). The number of children confirmed to be abused or neglected by the CPS in 2014 was over 702,000 (Wolfersteig, PhD, et al., 2016). According to National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System’s report, “46 percent of child abuse victims in 2013 suffered from emotional abuse” (Oon, 2015). .

Child maltreatment includes emotional ill-treatment that occurs when the child is under 18 years of age, and may cause a loss of trust in the parent and harm to the child’s health and emotional wellbeing (WHO, 2022).

Unlike other forms of abuse, Emotional Abuse may have long lasting problems that affect the Victim years after the traumatic event occurs. Most of the causes of such traumatic events happen internally, so others have difficulty comprehending the Victim’s turmoil.

According to the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, unseen pain may result the following neuropsychological disorders associated with Emotional Child Abuse.

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): This condition develops following a stressful situation or events and can present as sleep disturbance, recurrent dreams, withdrawal, or lack of concentration.
• Reactive attachment disorder (RAD): Children with RAD show limited emotional responses when typically expected. They may have a lack of remorse after bad behavior or limited responses to emotional triggers no matter the situation.
• Adjustment disorders: These disorders present as unhealthy reactions to stressful events such as depression or nervousness. This disorder can also include violating others’ thoughts, emotions, or physical boundaries.
• Acute stress disorders (ASD): This disorder may begin shortly after an overwhelming traumatic event. The symptoms of ASD are similar to PTSD, but occur within the first month after exposure to trauma. If symptoms persist longer than a month, the individual is diagnosed with PTSD.
• Disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED): This behavioral disorder occurs in young children and results in attachment disorders including mingling with strangers (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, n.d.).

Different forms of Emotional Abuse can fit into nine categories (Gluck, 2021):

1. Rejection
2. Scorn
3. Isolation
4. Terrorism
5. Exploitation or corruption
6. Exposure to Domestic Violence
7. Showing lack of regard for a child
8. Saying unkind things to the child
9. The absence of emotional response

Emotional Child Abuse can stem from any of those nine categories and change the child’s future in the absence of proper care and therapy. This includes an increased risk for alcohol problems, antagonistic traits, low self-esteem, and automatic negative thoughts.

Often, when an individual discovers a Victim of Child Emotional Abuse, they are unsure of the proper steps to take to solve the issue. Below are some tips on helpful organizations that someone can contact if they suspect Emotional Child Abuse.

1. National Child Abuse Hotline can be reached 24/7 at 1–800–4-A-CHILD (1–800–422–4453) for information on free help in your local area. In addition, each state usually has its own Child Abuse hotline.
2. The National Domestic Violence Hotline can be reached 24/7 via chat or phone (1–800–799–7233 or TTY 1–800–787–3224) and can access service providers and shelters across the country to supply free support.

While therapy for the Victims is crucial in order to handle the emotional aftermath of abuse, we also advise deeper education and awareness as well as vigilance of caretakers, guardians, or parents’ actions to prevent traumatic situations from occurring.

Some forms of therapy that might prove useful for a Victim of Child Emotional Abuse include: exposure therapy, family therapy, mindfulness-based programs, and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (Holmes, 2021).

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuses including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elder, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

Resources

Carey, E. (2018, May 29) Child Emotional and Psychological Abuse

https://www.healthline.com/health/child-neglect-and-psychological-abuse

Cheprasov, A. (2021, December 28). What is emotional child abuse? https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-emotional-child-abuse-definition-statistics.html

Child Abuse Statistics. (n.d.) Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline.

Children’s Bureau. (2020, January 15). Child Maltreatment 2018. Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2018

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Trauma and stressor-related disorders in children (n.d.) https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/trauma-and-stressor-related-disorders-children

De Bellis, M. D., Woolley, D. P., & Hooper, S. R. (2013). Neuropsychological findings in pediatric maltreatment: relationship of PTSD, dissociative symptoms, and abuse/neglect indices to neurocognitive outcomes. Child maltreatment, 18(3), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559513497420

Gluck, S.(2021, December 17)What is psychological abuse of a child? https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/child-psychological-abuse/what-is-psychological-abuse-of-a-child

Hart, S. N., Brassard, M., Davidson, H. A., Rivelis, E., Diaz, V., & Binggeli, N. J. (2011). Psychological maltreatment. In J. E. B. Myers (Ed.), The American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) handbook on child maltreatment (3rd ed., pp. 125–144). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Holmes, L. (2021, November 15) How emotional abuse in childhood changes the Brain https://www.verywellmind.com/childhood-abuse-changes-the-brain-2330401

Oon, S. (2015, June 16) Emotional abuse is inadequately defined and measured. https://imprintnews.org/featured/emotional-abuse-is-inadequately-defined-and-measured/10864

Wolfersteig, PhD, W., Harthun, MA, M., Diaz, JD, M., Moreland, MS, D., Dustman, EdD, P. A., & Kantrud, MEd, R. (2016, June 30). Child welfare, curriculum design and child development. Retrieved from Child Help: https://www.childhelp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Literature-Reviews.pdf

World Health Organization. (2022, September 19) Child Maltreatment https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment

Understanding Self-Abuse and Learning Ways to Break the Cycle

by- Catrese Medley

When asked to name several types of abuse, most people do not mention Self-Abuse. Self-Abuse is behavior that causes damage or harm to oneself. It often manifests because of another mental health issue. This type of abuse can be triggered by the thought of a prior or ongoing trauma and may manifest in different ways. Many people are embarrassed to admit that they inflict Self-Abuse, but studies show around 2% to 6% of the public engages in Self-Abuse, and students do so at an even higher percentage rate of 13% to 35% (Veteran Affairs, 2022). Experiencing trauma often leads to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which is an anxiety disorder caused by stressful or distressing events (Veteran Affairs, 2022). Common symptoms that accompany PTSD are flashbacks and nightmares, which may lead to Self-Abuse.

Self-Abuse includes the person cutting themself, punching themself or objects, burning themself, pulling out their own hair, poking objects through body openings, breaking their own bones, and bruising themself (Mental Health, 2022).

As a result of past trauma, some people report feeling numb and having the desire to distract themselves from painful feelings or punish themselves. Aside from physical modes of violence, Self-Abuse can come in the form of alcoholism, drug abuse, and eating disorders.

Scientists have reported a link between PTSD and binge eating, a form of Self-Abuse (Brody, 2015). Studies have shown that 1 in 4 people who suffer from Binge Eating Disorder have PTSD (Brody, 2015). Binge Eating may occur after a person has seen or has suffered:

• Physical or sexual assault
• Life-threatening accident
• Violent or accidental death of a loved one
• Terrorism or War
• Seeing a serious crime, such as a murder or rape (Brody, 2015).

How can we overcome Self-Abuse?

To overcome Self-Abuse, self-awareness is key. To do so means acknowledging feelings and triggers. If you are unsuccessful in preventing an act of Self-Abuse, reflect on what happened so you can help yourself in the future. You may find a benefit in keeping a journal to record your emotions and triggers and any successful attempts to distract yourself. Distraction is another key to overcoming Self-Abuse. For example, if feeling alone triggers Self-Abuse, spending time with a beloved animal can provide some temporary relief.

Creative activities can also help you get your feelings out in the open and provide distractions. Drawing, painting, doodling, and molding clay are great options to spark your creativity and find an artistic way to express yourself (Raypole, 2021).

It is important to know you are not alone, and it is possible to cope with feelings without harming oneself. Talking to a trusted friend or family member is a great way to connect, and even reaching out to a trusted mentor or counselor can be extremely beneficial. There are more affordable options for therapy and in the privacy of your home, like BetterHelp Online Therapy (Betterhelp, 2022). Therapy can help you learn healthy coping mechanisms and skills to ensure safety and security are a priority.

Several different kinds of therapy can help depending on the diagnosis:

• Psychodynamic therapy explores past experiences and emotions
• Cognitive behavioral therapy uses coping skills to pinpoint negative thought patterns.
• Dialectical behavioral therapy uses positive coping methods (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2022).

If your symptoms are overwhelming and severe enough, your doctor may recommend treatment in a psychiatric hospital. This environment will allow you time to focus on treatment (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2022).

Access to traditional Abuse Care treatment is limited and often accrues a high cost. Abuse Refuge Org is currently raising awareness and capital to develop a cost-free access portal to all your Abuse Care related needs (ARO, 2022).

ARO is helping people recognize and identify different types of abuse and find solutions through a proprietary program created by the Co-Founder and Global Managing Director of ARO, Michael Gibson, called Norm Therapy® which takes the Victim/Survivor through:

• Identifying their abusive circumstances
• Identifying their strengths and weaknesses
• Providing solutions towards preparing for a more formal professional counseling, therapy, and possible extraction from abuse

If you have been or are currently in an abusive situation or know of someone that is, ARO is here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elder, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

Sources:

Abuse Refuge Org (2022). Norm Therapy. https://abuserefuge.org/norm-therapy/

Better Help (2022). FAQ. https://www.betterhelp.com/faq/?utm_content=brand_rsa_control&utm_source=AdWords&utm_medium=Search_PPC_c&utm_term=better%20health_e&utm_content=133524759510&network=g&placement=&target=&matchtype=e&utm_campaign=15234220559&ad_type=text&adposition=&gclid=Cj0KCQjwkOqZBhDNARIsAACsbfIrgUeAe1CUxWBQhiQ5qR7avyKkAZ7HARY99kfRjK2TxIrP2Pa-maYaAqvQEALw_wcB

Brody, B. (2015, January 24). The link between trauma and binge eating. Webmd. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-disorders/binge-eating-disorder/features/ptsd-binge-eating

Mental Health Gov. (2022). Self-harm. https://www.mentalhealth.gov/what-to-look-for/self-harm

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2022). Self-harm. https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Common-with-Mental-Illness/Self-harm

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2022) PTSD: National Center for PTSD Self-Harm and Trauma. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/related/self_harm.asp

Raypole, C. (2021, March 12). Seeking an alternative to self-harm? These 7 strategies can help. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/self-harm-alternatives#try-guided-imagery

Elder Abuse: Signs of Elderly Neglect

by- Madeline Cadiz

In most cultures, it is common practice to care for and respect our elders. However, individuals might have different opinions about this responsibility. Elder Abuse can occur in many different ways, including Financial Abuse, Physical Abuse, and neglect. One of the most common types of Elder Abuse is neglect. Elder Neglect “occurs when the caregiver does not try to respond to the older adult's needs. This may include physical, emotional, and social needs, or withholding food, medications, or access to health care” (Elder Abuse, 2020). Understanding how neglect occurs, why it happens, and how to report it will provide ways to stop this situation if you are a witness or Victim. 

Elder Neglect can occur in any environment. It can happen in hospitals, long-term care facilities,  and in the home with family or a caregiver. Because the elderly are often physically weak and vulnerable, caregivers can easily take advantage of them and abuse them. In most cases, caregivers begin to abuse their elderly patients as the result  of many factors. They might be under heavy stress from chronic fatigue or their responsibilities, they might suffer from illicit drugs or excessive alcohol use, or they may have psychological problems, such as mood disorders (The Nursing Home Abuse Center Team, 2019). However, these reasons do not excuse the abuser in any way. They only strengthen the argument that abusers need to get help or must leave their caregiver career. Resorting to abuse harms everyone involved.

Through Elder Neglect, caretakers fail to fulfill their obligations and leave the elder in a helpless situation. Similar to Child Neglect, caretakers might withhold healthy and nutritious foods from the elder, which results in unhealthy weight loss, malnutrition, and dehydration (Elder Abuse and Neglect, 2022). This becomes dangerous for the elder in a variety of ways. When we grow older, our bodies need more nutrition and vitamins to keep from degeneration. An older adult may need a specific diet to lower their cholesterol or blood pressure to decrease the risk of heart disease. Lacking the meals needed for the  elder’s health will only worsen their condition. When an elder is denied  nutritious meals, their body weakens, and they may develop mental health problems such as depression (Elder Neglect for Family Members and Carers, 2022). 

Not only are food and water at risk with neglect, but other aspects of their physical well being include exercise. Incorporating physical movement in an elder’s daily routine can improve cognitive functions (Movement and Mobility in the Elderly, 2020). Movement is also crucial for those who may not be able to walk and need repositioning in bed. However, when caretakers neglect an elder’s movement and allow them to stay in the same position for too long, they develop “physical problems, such as bed sores” (Elder Abuse and Neglect, 2022). If they are denied movement, their muscles grow weak and frail. They may also  not have easy access to the restroom . Often, elders are left dirty and unbathed because of the restriction of movement (Elder Abuse and Neglect, 2022). 

Among other basic needs, neglected elders often do not receive their medications. Many medications are used to treat health problems or to relieve any pain they may be experiencing. However, when elders are in a neglectful situation, caregivers  might  forget to give medications or lack the sympathy to ensure they receive the necessary dosages (Heerema, 2021). Each medication must be dispensed carefully to avoid  taking too much or too little of the prescribed medicine. When an elder is lacking any medications, they could develop painful symptoms and flair-ups from withdrawal or the illnesses they are treating. In many cases, medications “are absolutely necessary to manage a serious health condition” (DailyCaring Editorial Team, n.d.). When caretakers deny elders their resources for better health, serious health problems will emerge.

When an elder is in an abusive and neglectful situation for too long, many negative long-term effects can develop, physically and mentally. Elder Abuse, including neglect, can cause immense damage to their psychological health and “lead to [an] early death” (Elder Abuse, 2020). Knowing the signs of Elder Neglect will help Victims, Survivors, and witnesses understand the situation they or someone they know may be in. If you or someone you know has or is experiencing signs such as being delirious, depressed, withdrawn, underfed, dehydrated, under-medicated, and frail, this may be a time to talk with someone you trust and report the abuse. The ways to report abuse depend on which state the elder resides. Thankfully, the National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA) offers multiple resources to report abuse based on the elder’s state, so elders can get the help they need.

When elders have to be under someone’s care, supervision and tending are the priorities. A lack of care and supervision can cause the elder’s physical health and mental state to spiral. No elder deserves to have their basic needs ignored, and they should receive quality, compassionate care to live a healthy life. If people educate themselves about what to look for and understand the situation, Victims and Survivors of abuse may finally speak out about their experiences. If an older adult is trying to speak about their experience, do not excuse their experience as a petty complaint. Instead, listen to them and understand their situation. They may not have many people to talk to about their situation, but if one person listens, this conversation may lead to the help they have been desperately waiting to receive.

If you have been or are currently in an abusive situation or know of someone that is, ARO is here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elder, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

References

DailyCaring Editorial Team. (n.d.). Not taking medication as prescribed harms senior health. DailyCaring. https://dailycaring.com/not-taking-prescribed-medication-harms-senior-health/ 

Elder Abuse. (2020, July 29). National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/elder-abuse 

Elder Abuse and Neglect. (2022, October 6). HelpGuide. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/abuse/elder-abuse-and-neglect.htm 

Elder neglect for family members and carers. (2022, October 3). Drugs.com. https://www.drugs.com/cg/elder-neglect-for-family-members-and-carers.html 

Heerema, E. (2021, March 28). How to identify types of elder abuse and neglect. Verywell Health. ;

Movement and mobility in the elderly. (2020, December 16). Full Circle Wellness. ;

The Nursing Home Abuse Center Team. (2019, November 21). Elder abuse causes. Nursing Home Abuse Center. https://www.nursinghomeabusecenter.com/elder-abuse/causes/ 

Recognizing Narcissistic Traits in Parents

by- Hannah Jagiri

Narcissism is a self-centered personality characterized as an excessive interest in the narcissist’s physical appearance or image and an excessive preoccupation with their own needs, often at the expense of others. Having a narcissistic parent can be emotionally draining, and children of narcissists may not recognize these traits until they are much older. They may experience passive-aggressive silent treatment and gaslighting when they go against the wishes of their narcissistic parent but may consider it a form of love. 

‘’Children of narcissistic parents often suffer from life-lasting behavioral issues, and may have a high vulnerability. They may have experienced traumatic situations, especially when they were unable to please their parent” (Jabeen, et al., 2021). Narcissistic parents employ various tactics to manipulate their children, and this form of abuse causes long-lasting trauma. Children raised by narcissists often suffer adverse effects and seek therapy throughout their adult years.

A narcissistic parent ignores their children’s individual needs, molding them to fit their own perfectionist standards and serve their own emotional needs. 

Parental Narcissistic Abuse can disrupt the process of self-development. So, how do you know if your parents are narcissists?

Conditional Love

A narcissist’s love feels conditional. They only offer acts of love when their child does precisely what they ask. If their children stray from the path they create for them, they withdraw their acts of love and may gaslight their children into doing what they want (Lo, 2022). As a result, this forces the child to not have “much choice other than to try to meet the demands of the narcissistic parent” (Pugle, 2022). However, children should not be forced to meet the conditions of their parents to gain their love and trust. This manipulation uses love as a reward rather than the natural expression of healthy parenting. A child who suffers Narcissistic Abuse often feels used or used by their parents and that their parents exploit the child-parent relationship for their personal gain. 

Manipulation and Entitlement

Narcissistic parents employ manipulative methods when things do not go their way or when children try to set healthy boundaries,  making their children feel guilty and irrational and playing the Victim. To control their children, they often use guilt-tripping, shaming, and yelling (Pugle, 2022). The best way to recognize these warning signs is noticing how the parent reacts when  the child sets healthy boundaries. 

Attention Seeking

When parents do not create space in their life for their children and instead make their own endeavors the center of attention, this is another form of Narcissistic Abuse. This abuse is accompanied by the narcissistic parents boasting about their achievements and portraying themselves as a loving and caring parent who sacrifices everything for their children. Parents like this live to be at the forefront of every praise. Whenever they feel their children are breaking out of their mental chain, they might do something drastic like faking an illness or hurting themself just so they can be the center of attention. 

Intolerance to Perceived Disobedience

Narcissistic parents see their children as an extension of themselves, so they view every disagreement and different opinion as a personal attack. They belittle, mock, and dismiss any contradiction. Children with narcissistic parents often describe their parents as rigid, but that rigidity is actually narcissism. They perceive any contrary opinion as a sign of disobedience and will fight back the only ways they know how: manipulating, dismissing, and belittling their child.

Criticism

Narcissists believe they are superior to others, including their kids. They may feel entitled to make condescending remarks and criticize any differing opinion. They constantly put down their children and kill their self-esteem, which may progress to physical and verbal assaults to humiliate their child. Most adults who grew up with narcissistic parents often end up having low-self esteem because of how their parents constantly belittled them as kids. 

Arrogance

Narcissists believe that they are never wrong. Parental Narcissistic Abuse often includes parents blaming their children for their own mistakes and giving cruel criticisms. Parents like this never take responsibility for their actions and always shift the blame to someone else. They have a false sense of being perfect, so they think that being wrong about anything is impossible. One way to know if you or someone you love has a narcissistic parent is they never accept their wrongs. 

As a child becomes an adult, dealing with a narcissistic parent may lead to better boundaries and more freedom from the abuse. The first step to breaking free from a narcissistic parent  is recognizing  that all children are worthy of a compassionate, loving, and nurturing relationship with a parent. Healthy boundaries are a great first step towards a child or adult recognizing their worth. In any relationship with a narcissist, prioritizing mental and emotional wellbeing should be a main priority. If you believe your relationship with your parents has affected your emotional wellbeing in any way, consider the importance and benefit of seeking professional help.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

References

Pugle, M. (2022, January 25). Signs of a Narcissistic parent and how to cope. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/narcissistic-parent-5213058

Jabeen, F., Gerritsen, C., & Treur, J. (2021). Healing the next generation: An adaptive agent model for the effects of parental narcissism. Brain Informatics, 8(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-020-00115-z

Lo, Imi. (2022). Narcissistic parent abuse - 5 types of invisible narcissistic abuse. Eggshell therapy. https://eggshelltherapy.com/narcissistic-parent-abuse/

With No Door to Lock: Abuse Against the Homeless

by- Roxanne Guiney

Locking doors at night is a simple safety measure many people take for granted. However, those who face homelessness usually do not have that luxury. They are vulnerable throughout the day and night to violence, harassment, and even Isolation Abuse..

Violence

A volunteer for the Homeless Charity and Village writes, “It is not uncommon for the homeless to come to us having been robbed and/or beaten…they rarely complain about it. It’s almost like it comes with the territory” (Sage, 2018).

In the United Kingdom, almost half of homeless people have been threatened with violence (Vantol, 2020). A study also found that 86.8% of homeless men in the U.S. have been physically assaulted, and 72.2% of homeless women in the U.S. have been physically attacked (Jasinski et al., 2005; Vantol, 2020). These attacks range from robberies, unjustified police beatings, to random violence, and may result in mutilation or death (National Coalition for the Homeless [National Coalition], 2016; Sage, 2018; Wells, 2020). These events are not rarities and create the constant threat or expectation of violence against these Victims, leading to Physical Abuse on a societal level.

Harassment

Those without homes face verbal harassment, intimidation, and physical harassment; others may throw rocks or even urinate on them (Wells, 2020). This harassment can be a daily struggle that impacts not only their comfort but also their health and ability to sleep (National Coalition, 2016; Wells, 2020). Homeless people are harassed not only by those who are fortunate enough to have a place they can call home but by business owners and police officers, even where homelessness is not a crime (National Coalition, 2016; Wells, 2020).

Isolation

Those who are homeless experience Isolation Abuse daily, by people who most likely do not see themselves as abusers; they are asked not to enter stores and restaurants, and the people they would otherwise meet generally avoid them entirely (Griffith, 2020). Social isolation can also cause barriers to healthcare access and physical activity, leading to mental health issues such as depression and self-harm (Malden et al., 2019). Additionally, homeless women face difficulty accessing health care and legal services after being sexually assaulted due to social isolation (Goodman et al., 2006).

Most people assume that mental health issues and Substance Abuse among the homeless are the main cause of homelessness. However, these disorders may also be the result of direct or indirect isolation (Griffith, 2020). According to author/photographer, Tamsen Courtenay, when she asked the homeless about their experience, their “most common complaint was ‘feeling invisible’” (Griffith, 2020).

Along with mental health issues, isolation can affect physical health. A recent study found that social isolation and loneliness are associated with “a decrease in gait speed…with stronger effects among more disadvantaged individuals” and found loneliness was associated with difficulty in general daily activities (Shankar et al., 2017). It is not surprising, considering that older homeless adults tend to pass away decades sooner than they would have if they had a home (CWDA, 2018).

Change

Society’s treatment of the homeless is nothing short of abusive, and it has disastrous consequences for these Victims and Survivors. Many organizations, such as The Homeless Charity and Village and The National Coalition for the Homeless, are pressuring lawmakers to either end the criminalization of homelessness, distinguish these assaults as hate crimes, or even protect homeless people as a vulnerable Victim class (Leomporra & Hustings, 2018; Sage, 2020). No matter the outcome of these efforts, society’s behavior and attitude toward homeless people need to change.

If you have been or are currently in an abusive situation or know of someone that is, ARO is here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

Sources

CWDA — Our Take. (2018, February 27). Victims of elder abuse are being forced into homelessness at an alarming rate. The County Welfare Directors Association of California. https://www.cwda.org/blog-post/victims-elder-abuse-are-being-forced-homelessness-alarming-rate

Goodman, L., Fels, K., & Glenn, C. (2006). No safe place: Sexual assault in the lives of homeless women. http://www.vawnet.org/sexual-violence/summary.php?doc_id=558&find_type=web_desc_AR

Griffith, C. (2020, July 27). Isolation is nothing new for homeless people. Invisible People. https://invisiblepeople.tv/isolation-is-nothing-new-for-homeless-people/#:~:text=Yet%2C%20isolation%20is%20something%20homeless%20people%20experience%20every,is%20all%20part%20and%20parcel%20of%20being%20homeless

Jasinski, J. L., Wesely, J. K., Mustaine, E., & Wright, J. D. (2005). The experience of violence in the lives of homeless women. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/211976.pdf

Leomporra, A., & Hustings, M., eds. (2018). Vulnerable to hate: A survey of motivated violence against people experiencing homelessness in 2016–2017. National Coalition for the Homeless. https://nationalhomeless.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/hate-crimes-2016-17-final_for-web.pdf

Malden, S., Jepson, R., Laird, Y., & McAteer, J. (2019). A theory based evaluation of an intervention to promote positive health behaviors and reduce social isolation in people experiencing homelessness Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 28(2): 158–168. doi: 10.1080/10530789.2019.1623365

National Coalition for the Homeless. (2016, July). No Safe Street: Survey of Hate Crimes and Violence Committed Against Homeless People in 2014 & 2015. https://nationalhomeless.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/HCR-2014-151.pdf

Sage. (2018, January 8). The torture and abuse of the homeless. The Homeless Charity and Village. https://thehomelesscharity.org/torture-abuse-homeless/

Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Demakakos, P., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2017). Social isolation and loneliness: Prospective associations with functional status in older adults. Health Psychology, 36(2): 179–187. doi: 10.1037/hea0000437

Vantol, V. (2020, September 16) Why is violence against homeless people on the rise? Invisible People. https://invisiblepeople.tv/why-is-violence-against-homeless-people-on-the-rise/

Wells, M. (2020, April 20). Rates of violence against the homeless are worse than you think. Gov1. https://www.gov1.com/public-safety/articles/rates-of-violence-against-the-homeless-are-worse-than-you-think-PZ7QgDNA4F2MXDwf/

Netflix’s “Maid” Illuminates Non-Physical Abuse

by- Catrese Medley

Abuse exists in many forms besides Physical Abuse, and can be difficult to recognize unless we educate ourselves and others. Abuse may be psychological and/or isolating. Netflix’s Maid, a recent TV show, educates and poses thought provoking questions on these different forms of abuse.

What’s so Great About Netflix’s Maid?

Maid is inspired by the New York Times best-selling book by Stephanie Land, Hard Work, Low Pay, and a Mother’s Will to Survive, and the show was well on its way to reaching 67 million households in the first four weeks (Scott, 2021). The ten-episode limited series follows Alex, played by Margaret Qualley, through her metamorphosis as she goes from being abused, insecure, and captive to self-aware, empowered, and free.

The relationship between Alex and everyone around her is problematic. Her boyfriend, Sean, played by Nick Robinson, has an issue with drinking and a serious temper. We never see Sean lay a hand on Alex, but the audience is left wondering when and if Physical Abuse will occur. We see this when he punches a hole in the drywall right next to Alex’s head and when he verbally abuses and isolates her. In another scene, he berates Alex and makes her sit down at the kitchen table by herself while her father looks on and says nothing. Throughout the series, we see the evidence of abuse manifest in the form of PTSD when Alex has flashbacks. Alex’s mother, Paula, played by Andie MacDowell, is not dependable and is Verbally Abusive as well. Hank, Alex’s father, played by Billy Burke, is often unavailable because he is wrapped up in his new family.

Alex is left to deal with the abuse alone and to find a solution to her situation. She escapes and is tasked with finding work and a suitable home for her daughter Maddy, played by Rylea Nevaeh Whittet. In the process, she seeks help from social services and the courts.

At every turn, she is reminded of her economic status. Imagine being a single parent who escaped a dire situation to save your child by throwing yourself into another exhausting circumstance. Now, you are homeless and jobless. In order to get help, you have to prove to everyone you can help yourself. You get a job, but it isn’t enough. You find a place with peers who have gone through abusive situations, but you can’t stay because people say your partner didn’t abuse you because he didn’t hit you. So, you wade through all the rules and red tape just to continuously get knocked back down. You feel as if you hit rock bottom, and there seems to be no end in sight. Though you may not see the end, there is a light at the end of the tunnel.

Maid deals with a heavy subject matter but presents it in a gritty way that is believable and real. The audience is allowed to sit with Alex in all her emotional turmoil, and when she sees her way out, so do we.

Important Questions Presented to the Audience

Without this article giving too much away about the show, Alex learns some information about her mother and father that shakes her world. After you watch the show, or as you watch for a head-start, ask yourself the following:

1. Is abuse generational?

When Alex finds herself in a court battle for custody of her daughter, the court learns that she’s staying in housing designed for women coming from abusive situations. The court asks her if she has ever been hit or filed a police report. She denies both and the court forces her to find other housing options.

2. Is it even abuse if it’s not physical?

Unequivocally, the answer is yes. We see many forms of abuse within the show, and these depictions can help us recognize red flags in our own lives.

3. Is there an ongoing effort to keep an economic divide between the rich and the poor?

The TV show highlights differences between people who live in poverty and those who don’t. Many times, people look down upon those who need assistance.

4. Alienating a person on the basis of economic status is a form of abuse, right?

Alienation or setting someone apart from their group (other humans) denies many Victims and Survivors help from government agencies and requires others to jump through a million hoops. This perpetuates an ongoing cycle of poverty that trickles down from generation to generation.

A family of two in Ohio like Alex and Maddy would need an annual household income of $23,803 before taxes to be eligible for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) (Benefits.gov, 2022). This is the equivalent of $12 per hour. One dollar more, and Alex wouldn’t qualify.

Does Art Imitate Life or Does Life Imitate Art?

The second greatest point made in Netflix’s Maid is that poverty transcends race and ethnicity. It’s never positive for anyone to suffer. Many times in the media, we see certain demographics of people suffering the most. Realistically, anyone can be abused, and anyone can find themselves in poverty.

Netflix’s Maid shows us that abuse isn’t always what we perceive, and poverty is often more than a state of mind. TV series like this provide an example of a person who has dealt with abuse, survives, escapes, and marches forward to a better life.

What other TV shows or films shed light on abuse?

If you have been or are currently in an abusive situation or know of someone that is, ARO is here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

Sources

Benefits.gov. (n.d.). Ohio supplemental nutrition assistance program. https://www.benefits.gov/benefit/1588

Clawson, R. A. (2002). Poor people, black faces: the portrayal of poverty in economics textbooks. Journal of Black Studies, 32(3), 352–361.

Scott, S. (2021, October 24). ‘Maid’, Becoming Netflix’s Biggest Limited — Series, Is A Must — See. Forbes.https://www.forbes.com/sites/sheenascott/2021/10/24/maid-becoming-netflixs-biggest-limited-series-is-a-must-see/?sh=24e882597775

Child Neglect: How to Protect Our Children

by- Amanda Hildreth

Neglect can have several long term effects on a child’s mental and physical wellbeing. Children should be in a safe, nourishing, and fulfilling household, so they can grow to be flourishing adults. “At least 1 in 7 children have experienced Child Abuse or neglect in the past year in the United States. In 2020, 1,750 children died of abuse and neglect in the United States” (CDC, 2022). Child Neglect is defined as a failure to meet a child’s most basic needs and is the most common form of Child Abuse (APA, 2018). Various ways a child suffers neglect include denying them supervision, clean clothes, food, shelter, proper education, health care and more.

Types Of Child Neglect

A child can suffer neglect in many ways, which makes neglect difficult to recognize. These are the 4 basic categories and what to look for:

Physical Neglect

Physical Neglect is fairly broad, and occurs when the caregiver is not providing basic physical necessities for the child. Physical neglect includes abandonment, insufficient supervision, keeping the child outside the home, and not providing for the child’s other physical needs or safety. Other types of Physical Neglect include, not providing adequate clothing, nutrition, or hygiene, not removing hazards in the home, and driving with the child while intoxicated.

Emotional Neglect

Emotional Neglect is the hardest form of neglect to recognize since there are no outward signs. Emotional Neglect occurs when a caregiver does not give the child enough affection or nurturing, encourages negative behaviors like assault, and denies the child psychological care, socialization, attention, and support.

Educational Neglect

Educational Neglect occurs when a caregiver allows or forces a child to either not attend school or be chronically absent. Educational Neglect can include refusing to follow treatment recommendations for special education needs and refusing to allow the child to go to school or be homeschooled.

Medical Neglect

Medical Neglect occurs when the proper health care of a child is neglected. This can happen regardless of whether the caregiver can afford medical care. Denying medical treatment leads to poor health in these children such as infected wounds, frequent itching of the skin, and serious illnesses.

The Long-Term Effects of Child Neglect

Long-term effects of abuse can either be immediate or take years to be seen, and can have physical, psychological, behavioral, and societal ramifications. “Childhood maltreatment has been linked to higher risk for a wide range of long-term and/or future health problems” (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019). Long-term effects can include diabetes, malnutrition, cancer, bowel, disease, and even stroke. Neglected children may also experience underdevelopment of certain parts of the brain responsible for emotional regulation, learning, processing emotions, decision making, and more (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019).

Child Neglect can cause many psychological problems, and can cause children to feel fear, to distrust, and have low self-esteem. Researchers have identified links between Child Abuse and Neglect with lasting psychological challenges:

• Decreased functioning and cognitive skills.
• Disrupted brain development leading to problems with working memory, cognitive flexibility (i.e., the ability to look at things and situations from different perspectives) and self-control (Kavanaugh et al., 2016).
• Maltreated children also are at risk for other cognitive problems, including difficulties with learning and paying attention (Bick & Nelson, 2016).
• Depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders.
• Attachment disorders and problems forming relationships.
• “Antisocial traits … which can lead to criminal behavior in adulthood” (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019).
• Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Children who were neglected often have lingering behavioral difficulties after the neglect ends and into adulthood. “Studies suggest that abused or neglected children are more likely to engage in sexual risk-taking as they reach adolescence, including a higher number of sexual partners, earlier initiation of sexual behavior, and transactional sex (i.e., sex exchanged for money, gifts, or other material support)” (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019; Thompson et al., 2017). Several studies show a connection between child maltreatment and criminal activities as the child grows. (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019; Herrenkohl at al., 2017).

There is also a difference in the ways Child Neglect affects girls versus boys. “Girls tended to express internalizing behaviors (e.g., depression, social withdrawal, anxiety), while boys tended to express externalizing behaviors (e.g., bullying, aggression, hostility) leading up to adult criminal behavior” (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019; Herrenkohl et al., 2017).

How To Prevent or Reduce The Long Term Effects Of Neglect

Communities can restrict the long-term consequences of neglect through prevention and reduction measures.

Individual Level

• Sense of purpose
• Agency (self-efficacy)
• Self-regulation
• Relation skills
• Problem solving skills
• Involvement in positive activities

Relationship Level

• Positive Peers
• Caregiver well-being
• Parenting skills

Community Level

• Positive school environment
• Stable living conditions
• Positive community environment

How To Prevent Child Neglect

Now that you know the types of Child Neglect, long-term effects, and mitigation, the most important question is, how can Child Neglect be prevented?

1. Strengthening Economic Support For Families

Government and company policies can improve work-life balance by being more family friendly and allowing parents to give their children the necessary care they need. As a result, this will likely reduce stress and depression as risk factors.

“Strengthening household financial security may also reduce children’s exposure to crowding and contribute to residential stability and stability in child care arrangements” (CDC, 2016).

2. Giving Quality Care and Education Early

Quality childhood education and child care can improve children’s social and cognitive development, which increases the likelihood they will have a safe childhood environment.

“Preschool enrichment with family engagement programs provide high-quality early education and care to economically disadvantaged children to build a strong foundation for future learning and healthy development” (CDC, 2016).

3. Increasing Parenting Skills

Enhancing parenting skills creates a healthy child-to-parent relationship and often prevents neglect. This can be achieved through early childhood home visitations. “Early childhood home visitation programs provide information, caregiver support, and training about child health, development, and care to families in their homes” (CDC, 2016). Parent skill programs support caregivers and teach proper behavior management and skills to keep families safe for children.

How to Report Child Neglect

If you notice any signs of child Abuse, don’t hesitate to reach out and help. Children are very vulnerable in abusive settings, but knowing people want to help can give them the confidence to seek assistance and possibly escape. You can help by reporting neglect to your local child protective services office or law enforcement (Child Welfare.gov, 2022). If you are going through abuse and don’t know what to do, you are not alone. Children in abusive situations can get help from The Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline at 1–800–4-A-CHILD (1–800–422–4453). The organization offers services such as crisis intervention, referrals to thousands of emergency, social service, and support resources (Child Welfare.gov, 2022). All calls made are confidential and available 24/7 in over 170 languages (Child Welfare.gov, 2022). Above all else, if there is an immediate emergency or threat of danger, call 911 (Child Welfare.gov, 2022). Don’t be afraid to get the help you or a child needs today.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

Resources

American Psychological Association (2018, April). Child abuse: The national tragedy persists.

Bick, J. & Nelson, C. A. (2016). Early adverse experiences and the developing brain. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 177–196.

npp2015252

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: a technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (2022, April). Fast Facts: Preventing child abuse & neglect.

ChildWelfare.gov (2022) How to report child abuse and neglect.

Child Welfare Information Gateway (2004, February). Risk and protecetive factors for child abuse and neglect

Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2019). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau.

Herrenkohl, T. I., Jung, H., Lee, J. O., & Kim, M.-H. (2017). Effects of child maltreatment, cumulative victimization experiences, and proximal life stress on adult crime and antisocial behavior. National Criminal Justice Reference Service Office of Justice Programs.

Kavanaugh, B.C., Dupont-Frechette, J. A., Jerskey, B.A. & Holler, K. A. (2016). Neurocognitive deficits in children and adolescents following maltreatment: Neurodevelopmental consequences and neuropsychological implications of traumatic stress. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 6, 64–78. Doi: 10.1080/21622965.2015.1079712

LeTendre, M. L., & Reed, M. B. (2017). The effect of adverse childhood experience on clinical diagnosis of a substance use disorder: Results of a nationally representative study. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(6), 689– 697. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1253746.

Peterson, C., Florence, C., & Klevens, J. (2018). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States, 2015. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 178–183. Doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.018.

Thompson, R., Lewis, T., Neilson, E. C., English, D. J., Litrownik, A. J., Margolis, B., Proctor, L., & Dubowitz, H. (2017). Child maltreatment and risky sexual behavior. Child Maltreatment, 22(1), 69–78. doi: 10.1177/1077559516674595.

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. (October 12, 2017). Pathways between child maltreatment and adult criminal involvement.

Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Bentley, T., & Johnson, M. S. (2012). A prospective investigation of physical health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow up. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1135–1144. doi: 10.2105/ AJPH.2011.300636

Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect (childwelfare.gov)

Familial Domestic Abuse

by- Melody Pender

Within a family where everyone should feel loved and protected, Domestic Violence can still occur. “In the United States, an estimated 10 million people experience Domestic Violence every year” (World Population Review, 2022). No one should endure such pain in any relationship, whether through family members or romantic partners. However, in many circumstances, an abused person might think they need to stay in their abusive environment. They could think they are not old enough to leave the household, they may have financial limitations, or they might have other reasons. These thoughts could hinder them from getting the help necessary for freedom.

Leaving Victims unattended to handle abuse themselves will often lead them to a road of destruction rather than healing. Victims and Survivors should know that they are not alone in their suffering. When left alone to deal with their struggles, they may develop unhealthy habits and/or a decline in their mental health. It may be hard for someone who has gone through abuse to seek and reach out for help, but knowing that there are people for them and organizations to help will hopefully give them courage to speak up.

A society should eradicate Domestic Violence in any and every possible situation, and they have many ways to do so. For example, professional help and support for dysfunctional families may create a healthy household or improve a household’s environment (World Health Organization [WHO], 2002). We should also have ways of “monitoring public places such as schools, workplaces, and neighborhoods and taking steps to address problems that might lead to violence” (WHO, 2002).

Domestic Violence is widely addressed by the populace, but one of the difficulties in raising awareness is recognizing the difference between Domestic Violence in romantic relationships and relationships within a family. Domestic Violence is the violence against someone in a group of people closely related to one another by blood, marriage, or adoption (Plumptre, 2022). It is enacted with aggression and leads to physical injury that could be fatal or nonfatal. As the cycle of abuse continues, Domestic Violence always leaves its Victims in danger.

Familial Domestic Violence can be well hidden since it occurs among family members who typically protect one another. The Victims of this kind of Domestic Violence are usually afraid to speak up due to emotional manipulation carried out by the abuser along with physical violence.

Watch out for these warning signs of domestic abuse in a family:

• Lack of conversations between family members, and individuals spending most of their time alone.
• Continuous display of hostility towards a particular member.
• Insult of intellect, physique, or habits as a means of cruel humor.
• Anxiousness/nervousness when being close to certain family members.
• Suicidal thoughts noticeable in a member or other dark thoughts.
• Reluctance of family members to return home and displays of great fear (T, 2020).

A victim of familial Domestic Violence would need external help to end the cycle of abuse as their emotional connection to the abuser may prevent them from signaling for help.

What are some ways we can help individuals experiencing familial Domestic Abuse?

Become a confidant for the Victim. Let them know you are there and provide a safe space to listen to their concerns and fears. If you begin to see physical violence or extremely concerning warning signs of Domestic Abuse, report the case to local law enforcement or a Domestic Violence hotline. Encourage Survivors to attend classes dedicated to overcoming trauma once they have safely escaped their abuse. This will help them grow during their healing process and ensure they are supported through their journey. You can encourage the individual by asserting that they are not the reason for the abuse. They should feel supported, listened to, and comfortable above all else. You can also help the Victim obstruct communication with their abusers such as blocking the abuser’s phone number. If possible, assist in removing the Victim from the abusive household.

According to the World Health Organization’s 2002 World Report on Violence and Health, Domestic Violence can be reduced or eradicated in several ways:

• Having some one-on-one conversations to address the individual’s noticeable toxic behavior.
• Positively enlightening close relations to influence healthy family environments and providing professional help and support for dysfunctional families.
• Mentoring youths in public places such as schools, colleges and the likes and addressing problems that might lead to Domestic Violence.
• Raising awareness to the general public through the media and orientations in large gatherings.
• Taking steps to adjust social factors that can lead to Domestic Violence such as lack of job opportunities, costly resources, the gap between the rich and poor, starvation etc.

Dealing with Domestic Violence requires getting help, whether that abuse is through family, a romantic relationship, a caretaker, etc. Domestic Violence should never happen to anyone, at any point in their lives. It takes time for people outside of an abusive situation to learn and to understand the mentality of Victims and Survivors, and this will help those who are abused seek out the help they may need. Listen to anyone who wants to talk about their abuse, because they are seeking help. If the burden is too much, professional help can guide Survivors through the healing process. No one should endure pain, especially by the people who claim to love them. Hurting does not equal love.

If you or someone you know is struggling through or is a Victim/Survivor of Domestic Violence, there are people out there who can help.

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

Resources

World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health: Summary. . http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42512/9241545623_eng.pdf?sequence=1

World Population Review. (2022). Domestic violence by state 2022. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/domestic-violence-by-state

Plumptre, E. (2022, July 1). What are the types of domestic violence? https://www.verywellmind.com/different-types-of-domestic-violence-5119884

T, Buddy. (2020, March 1). Top warning signs of domestic abuse. https://www.verywellmind.com/signs-someone-is-being-abused-66535

Discriminatory Abuse

by- Kimberly Clayton

One of the most important protections the federal government provides for society is freedom from Discriminatory Abuse. Unfortunately, regulations and protections still need growth and comprehensive changes, especially for the protected classes of race, color, and sex. In 2020, the killing of George Floyd by police officer Derek Chauvin rekindled the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement that begun in 2013 after the acquittal of Geoge Zimmerman for the murder of Trayvon Martin (History.com Editors, 2021; Howard University, n.d.). The world witnessed the cruel injustice the police department inflicted on an individual within a Protected Class. This tragedy is evidence that Discriminatory Abuse is prominent in our society today, and we need to educate and support these communities to eventually eliminate this form of abuse. 

Subconsciously, we all have experienced and practiced Discriminatory Abuse. Through a subconscious incident, the Victim most likely experiences hidden discrimination, a form of indirect discrimination (Pereira & Paoloni, 2019). Hidden discrimination is “behavior that may not be intentionally discriminatory or not perceived as such by the individuals doing the discriminating, while it may be perceived as offensive by the person being discriminated against. It can be subtle and/or covert, and it is usually more structural than personal” (Pereira & Paoloni, 2019). This type of Discriminatory Abuse is rarely talked about and often overlooked. One example is when a company hires an applicant based on demographics despite the applicant being less qualified. Industrial and Organizational Psychology published a study in 2017 that asked women to recall discriminatory incidents they had experienced or witnessed in the workplace (Jones et al., 2017). The study shows that the discriminatory incidents that the participates experienced or witnessed were 33% subtle and interpersonal, 28% covert and interpersonal, 23% overt and formal, and 16% subtle and formal (Jones et al., 2017).

Discriminatory Abuse targets race, gender, sexuality, disability, or other protected characteristics of the Equality Act. According to Ann Craft Trust, the four most common forms of Discriminatory Abuse are: 

1. Direct Discrimination- Treating someone with a protected characteristic less favourably than others.
2. Indirect Discrimination- Putting rules or arrangements in place that apply to everyone, but that put someone with a protected characteristic at an unfair disadvantage.
3. Harassment Discrimination- Unwanted behaviour linked to a protected characteristic that violates someone’s dignity or creates a hostile environment for them.
4. Victimization- Treating someone unfairly because they’ve complained about discrimination or harassment. (Davies, 2019)

Being a target of discrimination greatly affects mental health. If not treated, Discriminatory Abuse can cause extreme levels of stress and unhappiness. As a result, this can seriously impact someone’s social life and family relationships. For example, a parent who is affected by this type of abuse could have little success in interacting with their child to promote the child’s growth and development. It can also disrupt planning and decision making, which can impact a successful future (Gordon, 2016).

Vickie Mays, a professor at UCLA, asserts, “When we’ve had these experiences and anticipate that other incidents might lead us to be discriminated against, it can interfere with our ability to cognitively function at our best” (Gordon, 2016). How do we live a productive and informed life of peace and equality in a society that does not always respect equality? But knowing there is still more work that needs to be done, we must still strive to live our best lives while educating and uplifting others. 

With ARO, you can find a solution and a plan to live a life of equality, healing, and escape from abuse. Norm Therapy® offers coping mechanisms that you will need to identify your abusive circumstances, strengths, and weaknesses, and provide cursory solutions that could extract you from your abuse. 

We at ARO are here to support you in your personal healing journey to complete well-being. We bring awareness and education to 13 different types of abuse including Narcissistic, Sexual, Physical, Psychological, Financial, Child, Self, Cyberbullying, Bullying, Spousal, Elderly, Isolation, and Workplace, and help others heal and find peace. Please support our efforts by going to GoARO.org to learn how you can make an impact on the Abuse Care Community.

References

Davies, E. (2019, July 11). What is discriminatory abuse? Ann Craft Trust. http://www.anncrafttrust.org/what-is-discriminatory-abuse/#:%7E:text=Discrimination%20is%20abuse%20that%20focuses 

Gordon, D. (2016, January 13). Discrimination can be harmful to your mental health. UCLA Newsroom. https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/discrimination-can-be-harmful-to-your-mental-health

History.com Editors. (2021, June 25). George Floyd is killed by a police officer, igniting historic protests. HISTORY. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/george-floyd-killed-by-police-officer 

Howard University. (n.d.) Black Lives Matter Movement. library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/blm

Jones, K. P., Arena, D. F., Nittrouer, C. L., Alonso, N. M., & Lindsey, A. P. (2017). Subtle discrimination in the workplace: A vicious cycle. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 10(1): 51-76. http://doi.com/10.1017/iop.2016.91 

Pereira, E. T. & Paoloni, P. (2021). Handbook of research on women in management and the global labor market. IGI Global.